Category Archives: Tafseer Summaries

Bible vs Quran: similarities vs difference

Of course. A comparison of the Quran and the Bible is a profound and complex topic, central to understanding both Islam and Christianity. It’s important to approach this with respect for both faiths.

Here is a comparative look at the Quran and the Bible across several key dimensions.


1. Origin and Revelation

Feature The Quran The Bible Source & Revealer Muslims believe the Quran is the literal, unchanging, and final Word of God (Allah), revealed directly to the Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel. Christians believe the Bible is the inspired Word of God, written by human authors who were guided by the Holy Spirit. It is seen as God’s message through human words and contexts. LanguageArabic exclusively. The Quran is considered miraculous and untranslatable in its essence. Translations are considered “interpretations of the meanings.” Originally written in Hebrew (OT), Aramaic (parts of OT), and Greek (NT). It is considered fully authoritative in translation, as the message is seen as transcending the original language. Process of Revelation Revealed to one person (Muhammad) over a period of 23 years. The revelation was witnessed, memorized, and written down during the Prophet’s lifetime. A collection of writings by numerous authors (over 40) from different backgrounds over approximately 1,500 years.


2. Structure and Content

Feature The Quran The Bible Structure114 Surahs (chapters), not arranged chronologically but roughly by length (longest to shortest, except the opening chapter). It is not a narrative. Two main parts: Old Testament (OT) and New Testament (NT). It is a collection of books of various genres: law, history, poetry, prophecy, gospels, epistles. Length Approximately the length of the Christian New Testament. Significantly longer than the Quran (the OT alone is much larger). Narrative StyleAllusive and thematic. It often refers to stories of past prophets (like Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus) but does not tell them as continuous narratives. The purpose is to convey moral, theological, and legal lessons. Detailed and narrative. Stories are often told in a linear, chronological fashion with characters, dialogue, and plot development (especially in the OT historical books and the Gospels). Central FigureGod (Allah). The Quran is fundamentally God’s speech. Even verses about Muhammad are spoken by God. The focus is on God’s Oneness, Will, and Majesty. Jesus Christ. The entire Bible is seen by Christians as pointing to Jesus. The OT foreshadows him, and the NT reveals his life, teachings, death, and resurrection.


3. Theological Content: Key Similarities and Differences

Shared Figures, Different Roles

Both books feature many of the same prophets, but their roles and stories often differ.

  • Adam: The first man and prophet. Story of creation and expulsion from Eden is similar.
  • Abraham (Ibrahim): A pivotal figure of pure monotheism in both. The Quran emphasizes his rejection of idolatry and his submission to God (Islam means submission).
  • Moses (Musa): A major prophet who received revelation (the Tawrat) and confronted Pharaoh. The Exodus story is detailed in both.
  • Mary (Maryam): Highly revered in both. The Quran dedicates a whole chapter to her and affirms the virgin birth of Jesus.
  • Jesus (Isa): This is the most significant point of theological divergence.
    • In the Bible: The Son of God, part of the Holy Trinity, who died on the cross for humanity’s sins and was physically resurrected.
    • In the Quran: A great Prophet and Messiah, born of the Virgin Mary, performed miracles by God’s permission, but not the Son of God. He was not crucified; instead, God raised him to Himself and it was made to appear so to others. He will return before the Day of Judgment. The Quran strongly rejects the concept of the Trinity (Quran 5:73).

Core Theological Concepts

Concept In the Quran In the Bible GodStrict, uncompromising Monotheism (Tawhid). God is One, Unique, and has no partners, children, or equals. He is transcendent and merciful. Monotheistic, but understood as a Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) – one God in three persons. This is a central mystery of the Christian faith. Sin & Salvation Humans are born pure. Sin is primarily an act of disobedience, not an innate state. Salvation is achieved through belief in One God, good deeds, and God’s mercy. There is no concept of original sin or a vicarious atonement. Humans are born with Original Sin from Adam’s fall. Salvation is achieved through faith in the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross. It is by God’s grace, received through faith. The Afterlife Detailed descriptions of Heaven (Jannah) and Hell (Jahannam). Admission to Heaven is based on God’s judgment of one’s faith and deeds. Also contains descriptions of Heaven and Hell. For Christians, eternal life is granted through acceptance of Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior.


4. Preservation and Authority

Feature The Quran The Bible Preservation Muslims believe the Quran has been perfectly and miraculously preserved, both orally and in text, since its revelation. The same text is used universally by all Muslims. Christians believe the Bible is the inspired and authoritative Word of God. Scholars acknowledge a process of compilation, translation, and transmission over centuries, with minor textual variants in ancient manuscripts, though the core message is considered intact. Role in Faith The ultimate and final authority in all matters of faith, law, and practice. It is the central miracle of Islam. The primary and sacred scripture. Its authority for Christians is derived from its witness to Jesus Christ.

Summary Table

Aspect Quran Bible Nature of Revelation Literal Word of God Inspired Word of God Language Sacred in Arabic Authoritative in translation Central Focus God’s Oneness and Will The Life and Work of Jesus Christ View of Jesus A revered Prophet, not divine The Son of God, central to salvation Core Theology Strict Monotheism Trinitarian Monotheism Salvation Faith + Good Deeds + God’s Mercy Grace through Faith in Christ Preservation Believed to be perfect and unchanged Believed to be divinely inspired despite human transmission process

Conclusion:

While the Quran and the Bible share a common geographical and prophetic heritage, they are fundamentally different books with distinct theological cores. The Bible is a library of books culminating in the story of Jesus Christ, while the Quran is a single book understood as the final divine discourse, confirming previous messages but correcting what it sees as human alterations and re-establishing pure monotheism.

Understanding these differences is key to a respectful and meaningful dialogue between the two faiths.

57:27.. Topic of priesthood Islam vs Christianity

Surah Al-Hadid (57:27)

Arabic Text

ثُمَّ قَفَّيْنَا عَلَىٰٓ أَثَارِهِم بِرُسُلِنَا وَقَفَّيْنَا بِعِيسَىٰ ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ وَءَاتَيْنَٰهُ ٱلْإِنجِيلَ ۖ وَجَعَلْنَا فِى قُلُوبِ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّبَعُوهُ رَأْفَةً وَرَحْمَةً ۚ وَرَهْبَانِيَّةً ٱبْتَدَعُوهَا مَا كَتَبْنَٰهَا عَلَيْهِمْ إِلَّا ٱبْتِغَآءَ رِضْوَانِ ٱللَّهِ فَمَا رَعَوْهَا حَقَّ رِعَايَتِهَا ۖ فَـَٔاتَيْنَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا مِنْهُمْ أَجْرَهُمْ ۚ وَكَثِيرٌ مِّنْهُمْ فَـٰسِقُونَ

English Translation (by Maulana Maududi)

In their wake, We sent a succession of Our Messengers, and raised Jesus, son of Mary, after all of them, and bestowed upon him the Evangel, and We set tenderness and mercy in the hearts of those that followed him. As for monasticism, it is they who invented it; We did not prescribe it for them. They themselves invented it in pursuit of Allah’s good pleasure, and then they did not observe it as it ought to have been observed. So We gave their reward to those of them that believed. But many of them are wicked. 5

Tafseer (Commentary from Tafheem-ul-Quran)

The verse highlights the chain of prophets following Noah and Abraham, emphasizing prophethood and scripture in their lineages. Specifically, it mentions Jesus, son of Mary, who was given the Gospel (Injeel). Allah instilled tenderness (ra’fat, meaning compassion or pity) and mercy (rahmat) in the hearts of his true followers, reflecting Jesus’s own merciful teachings and leading them to treat others with kindness and aid those in need.

The concept of monasticism (ruhbaniyyat), derived from “rahb” (fear), involves renouncing worldly life—such as marriage, family, and material possessions—out of fear of worldly temptations, tyranny, or personal weaknesses, often leading to a hermit-like existence. This practice was not ordained by Allah; rather, the followers of Jesus innovated it themselves in an attempt to seek Allah’s pleasure. However, they committed a twofold error: first, by imposing restrictions not required by divine law, and second, by failing to uphold even these self-imposed rules properly, which brought them divine displeasure instead of reward.

Those among them who truly believed and adhered faithfully received their due rewards from Allah, but the majority proved to be disobedient (fasiquun), straying from the path.

Historically, monasticism developed centuries after Jesus, influenced by ascetic traditions reacting to the sensuality of earlier societies (e.g., Greek and Roman). It originated in Egypt around the 3rd-4th century CE, with figures like St. Anthony often credited as its founder, and spread through individuals like St. Athanasius and St. Basil. Over time, it incorporated elements from non-Abrahamic traditions, such as Buddhist and Hindu asceticism, including extreme self-denial like prolonged fasting, carrying heavy weights, rejecting hygiene, and celibacy. Monks severed family ties, sometimes abandoning parents or children, and engaged in sectarian conflicts. Paradoxically, despite vows of poverty, many monasteries accumulated wealth, and reports of moral lapses, such as immorality within cloisters, were common.

From an Islamic perspective, monasticism is rejected as an innovation (bid’ah). The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) stated, as narrated in Musnad Ahmed, that there is no monasticism in Islam; instead, the “monasticism” of the Muslim ummah is jihad (striving) in the way of Allah. Islam promotes a balanced life, as exemplified by the Prophet’s own practices of prayer, fasting, marriage, and family involvement, without extremes of self-torture or world-renunciation. 5

Ibn katheer vs mm

Surah Al-Hadid (57:27) – Ibn Kathir’s Tafsir

Arabic Text

ثُمَّ قَفَّيْنَا عَلَىٰ آثَارِهِم بِرُسُلِنَا وَقَفَّيْنَا بِعِيسَى ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْإِنجِيلَ وَجَعَلْنَا فِي قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوهُ رَأْفَةً وَرَحْمَةً وَرَهْبَانِيَّةً ابْتَدَعُوهَا مَا كَتَبْنَاهَا عَلَيْهِمْ إِلَّا ابْتِغَاءَ رِضْوَانِ اللَّهِ فَمَا رَعَوْهَا حَقَّ رِعَايَتِهَا ۖ فَآتَيْنَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْهُمْ أَجْرَهُمْ ۖ وَكَثِيرٌ مِنْهُمْ فَاسِقُونَ

English Translation (by Ibn Kathir)

Then, We sent after them Our Messengers, and We sent ‘Isa the son of Maryam, and gave him the Injil. And We ordained in the hearts of those who followed him compassion and mercy. But the monasticism which they invented for themselves, We did not prescribe for them, but (they sought it) only to please Allah therewith, but that they did not observe it with the right observance. So, We gave those among them who believed, their (due) reward; but many of them are rebellious. 10

Tafsir (Commentary from Ibn Kathir)

Allah the Exalted states that since He sent Nuh (Noah), peace be upon him, all the Prophets and Messengers He sent after that were from his offspring. All the revealed Divine Books and all the Messengers that received revelation after Ibrahim (Abraham), Allah’s Khalil (close friend), peace be upon him, were from Ibrahim’s offspring. The last among the Prophets of the Children of Israel was ‘Isa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary), who prophesied the good news of the coming of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon them both.

The verse refers to the Injil (Gospel) that Allah revealed to him. He ordained in the hearts of those who followed him—i.e., the disciples—compassion (ra’fah) and tenderness, and mercy toward the creatures.

Regarding monasticism (rahbaniyyah), which they invented for themselves, it refers to the monasticism that the Christian nation invented. Allah did not prescribe it for them; they chose it on their own. There are two opinions about the meaning of “only to please Allah therewith”:

  • The first is that they wanted to please Allah by inventing monasticism (as stated by Sa’id bin Jubayr and Qatadah).
  • The second is that Allah did not ordain monasticism for them but rather ordained only to seek what pleases Him.

However, they did not observe it with the right observance, meaning they did not abide by what they ordered themselves to do. This ayah criticizes them in two ways: first, they invented things in their religion that Allah did not legislate for them; second, they did not fulfill the requirements of what they themselves invented, which they claimed was a means of drawing near to Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored.

So, Allah gave those among them who believed their due reward, but many of them are rebellious (fasiqun). 10

Comparison with Tafheem-ul-Quran (by Maulana Maududi)

Both tafsirs provide a similar core interpretation of the verse, emphasizing the succession of prophets, the mission of Jesus with the Gospel, the instillation of compassion and mercy in his true followers, the innovation of monasticism (not divinely ordained), the failure to observe it properly, and the reward for the believers among them while noting that many were disobedient or rebellious. The translations are nearly identical in meaning, with minor phrasing differences (e.g., Ibn Kathir uses “compassion and mercy,” while Maududi uses “tenderness and mercy”). Both highlight monasticism as a human invention aimed at seeking Allah’s pleasure but criticize it as an unauthorized addition to religion that was not upheld correctly.

Key similarities:

  • Prophetic chain and Jesus’s role: Both connect the verse to the lineage of prophets from Noah and Abraham, with Jesus as the last to the Children of Israel, given the Injil, and inspiring mercy in followers.
  • Monasticism as innovation: It is described as invented by Christians/followers, not prescribed by Allah, pursued for divine pleasure, but not observed rightly—leading to criticism.
  • Reward and disobedience: Faithful believers receive rewards, but the majority are labeled as wicked (Maududi) or rebellious (Ibn Kathir).
  • Thematic focus: Emphasis on divine guidance versus human alterations, with a warning against straying from prescribed paths.

Key differences:

  • Depth and style: Ibn Kathir’s tafsir is more classical and exegetical, drawing on scholarly opinions (e.g., from Sa’id bin Jubayr and Qatadah) for interpretive nuances, such as the two views on “seeking Allah’s pleasure.” It ties the verse closely to broader prophetic history and Quranic criticism of religious innovation. Maududi’s Tafheem-ul-Quran is more modern and expansive, providing detailed historical context (e.g., monasticism’s origins in 3rd-4th century Egypt, influences from Greek/Roman, Buddhist, and Hindu traditions, and examples of extremes like self-torture, wealth accumulation, and moral failings in monasteries).
  • Islamic perspective: Maududi explicitly contrasts with Islam, citing a hadith that there is no monasticism in Islam (replaced by jihad and balanced life, as per the Prophet’s example). Ibn Kathir implies rejection through Quranic critique but focuses less on historical or comparative details.
  • Scope: Ibn Kathir remains concise and scripture-focused, while Maududi elaborates on practical implications, such as the “twofold error” (imposing unrequired restrictions and failing to uphold them) and societal/historical developments.

Overall, Ibn Kathir offers a traditional, scholar-based analysis rooted in early Islamic exegesis, while Maududi provides a contemporary, contextual explanation with historical insights and direct application to Islamic teachings. 10

14:7.. Rewards & punishments

Surah Ibrahim (14:7)

Arabic Text:

وَإِذْ تَأَذَّنَ رَبُّكُمْ لَئِنْ شَكَرْتُمْ لَأَزِيدَنَّكُمْ‌ وَلَئِنْ كَفَرْتُمْ إِنَّ عَذَابِى لَشَدِيدٌ

English Translation:

Also call to mind when your Lord proclaimed: “If you give thanks, I will certainly grant you more; but if you are ungrateful for My favours, My chastisement is terrible.” 1

Tafsir (Explanation) from Tafheem-ul-Quran by Syed Abul Ala Maududi:

That is, if you are grateful, you will appreciate Our favors and make right use of them, and will not rebel against Our commandments, but will surrender and submit to Us to show your gratitude to Us. 1

But if you are ungrateful for My favours, My chastisement is terrible. 1

A reference to Prophet Moses (peace be upon him) and his people has been made here to warn the people of Makkah of the consequences of their ingratitude towards this favor of Allah that He has raised Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from among them. This was a timely warning, for at that time they were showing ingratitude by rejecting that message. They were, therefore, warned to learn a lesson from the miserable condition of the Israelites, which was the result of their ingratitude to and rebellion against Allah’s favors. 1

As the Quraish themselves could see the consequences of that rebellious attitude of the Israelites, they were, so to say, asked this question: Do you also desire to meet with the same consequences by showing ingratitude towards the message which is a great favor to you? 1

Footnotes:

  1. That is, if you are grateful, you will appreciate Our favors and make right use of them, and will not rebel against Our commandments, but will surrender and submit to Us to show your gratitude to Us. 1
  2. Deuteronomy (Bible) contains a long and detailed discourse to this effect. According to it, Prophet Moses (peace be upon him), on the eve of his death, reminded the Israelites of all important events from their history, and reiterated all the divine commandments of the Torah which Allah had sent to them through him. Then he told them in a long speech that if they obeyed their Lord, they would be given great rewards. But if they adopted the attitude of disobedience, they would get a terrible punishment. This discourse spreads over chapters 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 28, 30. Some of these passages are so impressive and instructive that it will be worthwhile to quote a few of them: Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord: And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. And these words which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart: And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. (Deut. 6: 47). 1

And now, Israel, what doth the Lord thy God require of thee, but to fear the Lord thy God, to walk in all his ways; and to love him, and to serve the Lord Thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul, to keep the commandments of the Lord, and his statutes, which I command thee this day for thy good? Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is thy Lord’s thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is. (Deut. 10: 12-14). 1

And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the Lord thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth: And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy God. Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field. The Lord shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face. The Lord shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto. The Lord shall establish thee an holy people unto himself. And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the Lord; and they shall be afraid of thee. And thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow. And the Lord shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath. (28: 1-13). 1

But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all those curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee: Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field. The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in all that thou settest thine hand unto for to do. The Lord shall make the pestilence cleave unto thee. And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron. The Lord shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies: thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before them. Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her: thou shalt build an house and thou shalt not dwell therein: thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not gather the grapes thereof. Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes. Therefore, shalt thou serve thine enemies which the Lord shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: And he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee. And the Lord shall scatter thee among all people, from the one end of the earth even unto the other. (Deut: 28: 15-64). 1

  1. It should be noted that a reference to Prophet Moses (peace be upon him) and his people has been made here to warn the people of Makkah of the consequences of their ingratitude towards this favor of Allah that He has raised Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from among them. This was a timely warning, for at that time they were showing ingratitude by rejecting that message. They were, therefore, warned to learn a lesson from the miserable condition of the Israelites, which was the result of their ingratitude to and rebellion against Allah’s favors. 1

As the Quraish themselves could see the consequences of that rebellious attitude of the Israelites, they were, so to say, asked this question: Do you also desire to meet with the same consequences by showing ingratitude towards the message which is a great favor to you? 1

Obviously, the great favor which was shown to the Quraish was that Muhammad (peace be upon him) was raised from among them with that message about which he assured them over and over again: Accept this Message of mine: all the Arabs and the non-Arabs will surrender and submit to you? 1

Tafseer Ibn kathir

Surah Ibrahim (14:7)

Arabic Text:

﴿وَإِذْ تَأَذَّنَ رَبُّكُمْ لَئِن شَكَرْتُمْ لَأَزِيدَنَّكُمْ ۖ وَلَئِن كَفَرْتُمْ إِنَّ عَذَابِي لَشَدِيدٌ﴾

English Translation (Sahih International):

And [remember] when your Lord proclaimed, ‘If you are grateful, I will surely increase you [in favor]; but if you deny, indeed, My punishment is severe.’ 22

Tafsir (Explanation) from Tafsir Ibn Kathir:

Allah states that Musa reminded his people about Allah’s annals and days and of Allah’s favors and bounties that He bestowed on them, when He saved them from Firawn and his people and the torment and disgrace they used to exert on them. They used to slaughter whomever they could find among their sons and let their females live. Allah delivered them from all this torment, and this is a great bounty, indeed. This is why Allah described this affliction, وَفِى ذَلِكُمْ بَلاَءٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ عَظِيمٌ (and in it was a tremendous trial from your Lord.)for He granted you (O Children of Israel) a great favor for which you are unable to perfectly thank Him.’ Some scholars said that this part of the Ayah means, what Firawn used to do to you was a tremendous بَلاَءً (trial.)’ Both meanings might be considered here and Allah knows best.

Allah said in another Ayah, وَبَلَوْنَـهُمْ بِالْحَسَنَـتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَرْجِعُونَ (And We tried them with good and evil in order that they might turn (to Allah).) 7:168

Allah’s statement next, وَإِذْ تَأَذَّنَ رَبُّكُمْ (And (remember) when your Lord proclaimed) means, proclaimed and made known His promise to you. It is possible that this Ayah means, your Lord has vowed and sworn by His might, grace and exaltness. Allah said in a similar Ayah, وَإِذْ تَأَذَّنَ رَبُّكَ لَيَبْعَثَنَّ عَلَيْهِمْ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَـمَةِ (And (remember) when your Lord declared that He would certainly keep on sending against them (i.e. the Jews), till the Day of Resurrection.) 7:167

Allah said, لَئِن شَكَرْتُمْ لأَزِيدَنَّكُمْ (If you give thanks, I will give you more;) meaning, `if you appreciate My favor on you, I will give you more of it, وَلَئِن كَفَرْتُمْ (but if you are thankless) if you are not thankful for My favors, covering and denying them, إِنَّ عَذَابِى لَشَدِيدٌ (verily, My punishment is indeed severe), by depriving you of the favor and punishing you for being unappreciative of it.’ A Hadith states that, «إِنَّ الْعَبْدَ لَيُحْرَمُ الرِّزْقَ بِالذَّنْبِ يُصِيبُه» (A servant might be deprived of a provision (that was written for him) because of a sin that he commits.)

In his Sahih, Muslim recorded that Abu Dharr said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said that his Lord the Exalted and Most Honored said, «يَا عِبَادِي لَوْ أَنَّ أَوَّلَكُمْ وَآخِرَكُمْ وَإِنْسَكُمْ وَجِنَّكُمْ كَانُوا عَلَى أَتْقَى قَلْبِ رَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ مِنْكُمْ، مَا زَادَ ذَلِكَ فِي مُلْكِي شَيْئًا، يَا عِبَادِي لَوْ أَنَّ أَوَّلَكُمْ وَآخِرَكُمْ وَإِنْسَكُمْ وَجِنَّكُمْ كَانُوا عَلَى أَفْجَرِ قَلْبِ رَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ مِنْكُمْ، مَا نَقَصَ ذَلِكَ فِي مُلْكِي شَيْئًا، يَا عِبَادِي لَوْ أَنَّ أَوَّلَكُمْ وَآخِرَكُمْ وَإِنْسَكُمْ وَجِنَّكُمْ قَامُوا فِي صَعِيدٍ وَاحِدٍ، فَسَأَلُونِي،فَأَعْطَيْتُ كُلَّ إِنْسَانٍ مَسْأَلَتَهُ، مَا نَقَصَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ مُلْكِي شَيْئًا إِلَّا كَمَا يَنْقُصُ المِخْيَطُ إِذَا أُدْخِلَ الْبَحْر» (O My servants. If the first and the last among you, mankind and Jinns among you, had the heart of the most pious and righteous man among you, that will not increase my kingdom in the least. O My servants! If the first and the last among you, mankind and the Jinns among you, had the heart of the most wicked man among you, that will not decrease My kingdom in the least. O My servants! If the first and the last among you, the mankind and Jinns among you, stood in one flat area and each asked me (what they wish ), and I gave each one of them what they asked, that will not decrease My kingdom except by that which the needle carries ( of water ) when inserted in the ocean.) 22

Comparison Between Tafheem-ul-Quran (Maududi) and Tafsir Ibn Kathir

Both tafsirs emphasize the core message of the verse: gratitude to Allah leads to an increase in blessings, while ingratitude (kufr, often interpreted as denial or ungratefulness) results in severe punishment. They frame the verse within the context of Prophet Musa (Moses) addressing the Children of Israel (Bani Isra’il), reminding them of Allah’s favors, such as deliverance from Pharaoh’s oppression.

  • Similarities:
  • Historical Context: Both highlight the verse as part of Musa’s reminder to Bani Isra’il about their trials and Allah’s deliverance, underscoring the “tremendous trial” (bala’) as a favor from Allah.
  • Gratitude and Increase: Maududi explains gratitude as appreciating favors, using them rightly, and submitting without rebellion. Ibn Kathir similarly describes it as appreciating favors, leading to more blessings, and ties ingratitude to deprivation and punishment.
  • Warning Aspect: Both convey the severe consequences of ingratitude, with Ibn Kathir adding that punishment involves depriving favors and direct chastisement.
  • References to Bani Isra’il: They connect the verse to the Israelites’ history, using it as a lesson in divine favor and accountability.
  • Differences:
  • Application and Audience: Maududi applies the verse directly to the people of Makkah (Quraish), warning them against rejecting Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as ingratitude for Allah raising a prophet among them. He draws a parallel between the Israelites’ rebellion and the potential fate of the Quraish. Ibn Kathir stays more focused on the Quranic narrative with Bani Isra’il, without extending it to the Meccans in this specific explanation.
  • Sources and References: Maududi incorporates extensive Biblical parallels from Deuteronomy, quoting passages about blessings for obedience and curses for disobedience to reinforce the promise of increase or punishment. Ibn Kathir relies on Quranic cross-references (e.g., 7:167, 7:168) and authentic hadiths, such as one about sins depriving provisions and another emphasizing Allah’s infinite richness and independence from human actions (narrated by Abu Dharr in Sahih Muslim).
  • Linguistic and Theological Depth: Ibn Kathir provides linguistic analysis, such as interpreting “proclaimed” (ta’adhdhana) as making a promise known or a vow by Allah’s might. He also explores the dual meaning of “trial” (bala’) as both affliction and favor. Maududi is more interpretive in a modern, contextual sense, focusing on moral lessons like submission as gratitude.
  • Length and Style: Maududi’s tafsir is concise and lesson-oriented, with footnotes for Biblical quotes and historical warnings. Ibn Kathir’s is more detailed, incorporating scholarly opinions (e.g., on “trial”) and hadiths for broader theological insight.

Overall, Maududi’s approach is more reformist and applicative to contemporary audiences (e.g., warning the Quraish), while Ibn Kathir’s is classical, rooted in hadith, linguistics, and Quranic intertextuality, providing a foundational exegesis.

14:46. Plots by disbelievers r destined to fail

Monumental plots against GOD , Islam by disbelievers going to meet their fate of decimation at some point…history says so.

Surah Ibrahim (14:46)

Arabic Text

وَقَدْ مَكَرُوْا مَكْرَهُمْ وَعِنْدَ اللّٰهِ مَكْرُهُمْ ۖ وَاِنْ كَانَ مَكْرُهُمْ لِتَزُوْلَ مِنْهُ الْجِبَالُ 

English Translation (from Tafheem-ul-Quran by Syed Abul Ala Maududi)

Indeed the unbelievers contrived their plan, but it is in Allah’s power to nullify their plan, even though their plans were such that would move even mountains. 11

Tafseer (Explanation)

The nations of the past resorted to all sorts of contriving to evade the consequences of having denied God’s laws and to defeating the mission of God’s Messengers. But it is well known that just one move from God checkmated them. Despite this, the unbelievers have not ceased their contriving, fancying that their efforts will ultimately meet with success. 11

Tafseer al Tabari

Surah Ibrahim (14:46) – Al-Tabari’s Tafsir

Arabic Text

وَقَدْ مَكَرُوا مَكْرَهُمْ وَعِنْدَ اللَّهِ مَكْرُهُمْ وَإِن كَانَ مَكْرُهُمْ لِتَزُولَ مِنْهُ الْجِبَالُ

English Translation (Sahih International)

And they had planned their plan, but with Allah is [recorded] their plan, even if their plan had been [sufficient] to do away with the mountains.

Tafseer (Explanation)

Al-Tabari, in his comprehensive tafsir “Jami’ al-Bayan fi Ta’wil al-Qur’an,” collects various narrations from the Salaf (early generations) to explain this verse. He begins by noting that the verse addresses the disbelievers’ machinations against Allah’s messengers and the truth, emphasizing that all such plots are fully known and encompassed by Allah, rendering them futile.

Key interpretations from narrations:

  • From Qatadah: The disbelievers plotted extensively, but their schemes are with Allah—He knows them intimately. Even if their plots were so immense that they could shake or remove mountains, they would not escape Allah’s decree. Qatadah links this to the historical nations mentioned in the previous verse (14:45), like those of Noah, ‘Ad, and Thamud, whose dwellings the later generations inhabited without learning lessons.
  • From Mujahid: The phrase “even if their plan had been [sufficient] to do away with the mountains” is interpreted as hyperbolic, indicating the grandeur of their scheming. Mujahid recounts a story of a tyrant (often identified as Nimrod or Nebuchadnezzar) who attempted to ascend to the heavens using eagles tied to a box, carrying him and a companion aloft with a staff baited with meat. As they rose, the tyrant aimed arrows at the sky, deluding himself into challenging Allah. Upon descending, the rush caused the mountains to nearly tremble—illustrating that even such audacious plots fail and do not disrupt Allah’s creation.
  • From ‘Ali bin Abi Talib: Similar to Mujahid, ‘Ali describes the incident with the eagles, emphasizing that the plot was “not such as to remove the mountains,” meaning it was immense in ambition but ineffective against divine will. This narration underscores the futility of shirk (associating partners with Allah) and disbelief.
  • From Ibn ‘Abbas: The “plan” refers to their kufr (disbelief) and opposition to the prophets. Allah records all their schemes in the Preserved Tablet (al-Lawh al-Mahfuz), and no matter how powerful they seem—capable of metaphorically moving mountains—they cannot avert Allah’s punishment or alter His plan.
  • Linguistic analysis by Al-Tabari: He discusses variant readings and meanings of “makr” (plot), noting it implies cunning deception. The conditional “in kan makruhum li-tazula minhu al-jibal” can be read as “though their plot was such that mountains would depart from it” (indicating magnitude) or “was not such” (negating its impact). Al-Tabari prefers interpretations that highlight Allah’s omniscience and the inevitable failure of evil plots, cross-referencing verses like 27:50-51 (where Allah’s plan supersedes human schemes).

Al-Tabari concludes that the verse serves as a warning to the Quraysh disbelievers in Mecca, whose plots against Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) mirror those of past nations, and a consolation to believers that Allah controls all outcomes. 2 4

Comparison with Tafheem-ul-Quran (by Maududi) and Ibn Kathir’s Tafsir

Al-Tabari’s tafsir stands out as the most exhaustive and tradition-oriented among the three, being one of the earliest comprehensive commentaries (completed around 922 CE). It relies heavily on chains of narration (isnad) from companions like Ibn ‘Abbas and ‘Ali, and early scholars like Mujahid and Qatadah, providing a raw collection of opinions without much synthesis—allowing readers to see diverse views. This contrasts with Ibn Kathir’s approach, which summarizes and selects from Tabari’s material (often quoting him directly, e.g., the eagle story from Mujahid and ‘Ali), adding cross-references to other verses and hadiths for a more streamlined, student-friendly exegesis focused on the afterlife’s no-respite theme and warnings against shirk. Maududi’s Tafheem-ul-Quran is even more concise and modern, emphasizing thematic lessons for contemporary readers, such as historical nations’ failed attempts to evade divine laws through “contriving,” portrayed as a quick divine “checkmate” without delving into specific narrations or linguistic debates. While Tabari and Ibn Kathir share a classical, hadith-based depth (with Tabari being more voluminous and less filtered), Maududi prioritizes motivational and practical insights over detailed scholarly chains. All three agree on the core message: the futility of disbelievers’ plots against Allah’s unassailable plan, using the “mountains” metaphor to illustrate their perceived but illusory power.

14:26 GOOD WORD VS EVIL WORD

Here is a detailed explanation of Surah Ibrahim (Chapter 14), Verse 26, as presented in the style and methodology of Tafheem-ul-Quran by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi.


Quranic Verse (Arabic Text)

وَمَثَلُ كَلِمَةٍ خَبِيثَةٍ كَشَجَرَةٍ خَبِيثَةٍ اجْتُثَّتْ مِن فَوْقِ الْأَرْضِ مَا لَهَا مِن قَرَارٍ

Translation

“And the parable of an evil word is that of an evil tree: it is torn up by the root from the face of the earth; it has no stability.”


Tafseer (Explanation) from Tafheem-ul-Quran

This verse is the second part of a parable presented in verses 24-25. To fully understand verse 26, it is essential to see it in its immediate context.

The Context (Verses 14:24-25):

“Do you not see how Allah sets forth a parable of a good word? It is like a good tree, whose root is firm and whose branches are in the sky. It yields its fruit every season by the leave of its Lord.”

This “good word” is the fundamental creed of Islam: “La ilaha illallah” (There is no god but Allah). It represents the entire system of belief, thought, and life that emanates from this declaration.

Explanation of Verse 26:

1. The “Evil Word” (كَلِمَةٍ خَبِيثَةٍ – Kalimatin Khabeethah):

  • In direct contrast to the “good word” (the doctrine of Tawhid), the “evil word” refers to Shirk (associating partners with Allah) and Kufr (disbelief).
  • It represents any false creed, ideology, or system of life that is founded on the rejection of Allah’s sovereignty. This includes polytheism, atheism, materialism, and all man-made ideologies that place someone or something in the position that belongs to Allah alone.
  • The word Khabeeth means impure, foul, corrupt, and evil. It signifies something that is inherently bad in its essence and consequences.

2. The Parable of the “Evil Tree” (كَشَجَرَةٍ خَبِيثَةٍ – Kashajaratin Khabeethah):

  • Just as the “good word” was compared to a strong, fruitful, and stable tree, the “evil word” is compared to its exact opposite.
  • This “evil tree” is described as being “uprooted from the earth’s surface” (اجْتُثَّتْ مِن فَوْقِ الْأَرْضِ). This is a powerful image of something that has been completely torn out, leaving no trace behind. It has no connection to the soil, no source of nourishment, and no foundation.
  • The phrase “it has no stability” (مَا لَهَا مِن قَرَارٍ) is the core message of the parable. A tree that is uprooted cannot stand firm. It will be blown away by the wind, rot, and perish.

The Deeper Meaning and Wisdom (Hikmah):

Maududi, in Tafheem-ul-Quran, explains that this parable illustrates the fundamental nature of Truth and Falsehood in the world:

  • The Nature of Falsehood (Batil): Falsehood, no matter how widespread or powerful it may appear for a time, has no inherent stability or permanence. It is like a tree with shallow or rotten roots. When a storm comes (a test, a logical argument, a historical challenge, or the divine decree), it is easily uprooted and destroyed. It cannot withstand scrutiny or the tests of time.
  • Lack of Foundation: The ideologies of Kufr and Shirk are not rooted in the eternal truth of reality. They are based on human whims, desires, superstitions, or flawed logic. Therefore, they provide no real peace, security, or lasting benefit to humanity. They are inherently unstable and destined to collapse.
  • A Historical and Future Reality: The Quran points to this as a universal law. Look at the great empires and civilizations built on falsehood—they all crumbled. The Pharaohs, the ‘Ad and Thamud, and in modern times, ideologies like colonialism based on racial superiority or atheistic communism have all shown their inherent instability and collapsed or are in the process of decay.

Contrasting the Two Parables:

Feature Good Word (Tawhid)

Feature Good Word (Tawhid):State Firmly rooted, stable. Divine Revelation. Nourishment Constant (by Allah’s leave).Result Continuous good fruits. Endurance Eternal, withstands storms

Evil Word (Shirk/Kufr)

Uprooted, unstable, No fruit, only ruin,Source Human Fabrication,endurance : None Temporary, collapses easily

Conclusion:

This verse is not just a beautiful analogy but a profound declaration of a cosmic principle. It offers a powerful reminder to believers that they should build their lives, societies, and ideologies on the solid foundation of Tawhid, which alone provides true stability and everlasting fruit. Simultaneously, it serves as a warning and a consolation: the systems of falsehood that seem dominant are, in reality, like an uprooted tree—devoid of any lasting power and destined for annihilation.

This explanation captures the core insights from Maulana Maududi’s Tafheem-ul-Quran, emphasizing the ideological battle between truth and falsehood and the ultimate fate of both.

Compiled by grok

Surah Ibrahim (14:26)

Arabic Text:

وَمَثَلُ كَلِمَةٍ خَبِيثَةٖ كَشَجَرَةٍ خَبِيثَةٍ ٱجۡتُثَّتۡ مِن فَوۡقِ ٱلۡأَرۡضِ مَا لَهَا مِن قَرَارٖ

English Translation (by Syed Abul Ala Maududi):

And the example of an evil word is that of an evil tree, uprooted from the surface of the earth, wholly unable to endure. 14

Tafseer (Commentary) from Tafheem-ul-Quran by Syed Abul Ala Maududi:

(14:26) And the example of an evil word [37] is that of an evil tree, uprooted from the surface of the earth, wholly unable to endure. [38]

  1. Evil word is the opposite of pure word. It may be applied to everything that is unreal and wrong but here it stands for any false creed that one might adopt as a basis of his system of life, irrespective of whether it be atheism or heresy or disbelief or shirk or idol worship or any other ism that has not been brought by a Messenger.
  2. And evil word (false creed) has no stability because it is against the law of nature. Therefore, everything in the universe opposes it and refutes it, as if the earth hates it and is ready to spit out its seeds every time they are sown in it, and if some seed succeeds in growing an evil tree, heaven suppresses down its branches. In fact, false creed could never have been allowed to develop, if man had not been given the freedom of choice and respite for work for the sake of his trial. That is why when same foolish people exert to establish a system of life on it, it is allowed to grow to a certain extent, but it produces nothing but harmful results as long as it lasts. And no sooner does it encounter with adverse circumstances than it is thoroughly uprooted from the earth.

The distinction between the pure word and the evil word is so apparent that anyone who makes a critical study of the religious, moral, intellectual and cultural history of the world can perceive it easily. For the pure word has always been the one and the same during the whole history of mankind and has never been uprooted. On the contrary, there have been innumerable evil words but each and every one has been so uprooted that there has remained hardly anything of it except its name in the pages of history. Nay, some of these had proved to be so absurd that if these are mentioned today one wonders how one could have followed such nonsensical things.

There has been another noteworthy difference between the two words. Whenever and wherever the pure word has been adopted by an individual or a community, its blessings had not been confined to that individual and community but had benefited all around them. On the contrary, whenever and wherever an evil word has been adopted by an individual or a community, its evils had spread chaos and disorder all around them.

In this connection, it should also be noted that the parable of the pure word and the evil word explains the same theme that had been explained by the similitude of the mound of ashes that is blown away by the wind of the stormy day (Surah Ibrahim, Ayat 18) and of the foam of flood, and the scum of the melted metals. (Surah Ar-Raad, Ayat 17). 14

Ibn katheer and al Tabari

Surah Ibrahim (14:26)

Arabic Text:

وَمَثَلُ كَلِمَةٍ خَبِيثَةٍ كَشَجَرَةٍ خَبِيثَةٍ اجْتُثَّتْ مِنْ فَوْقِ الْأَرْضِ مَا لَهَا مِنْ قَرَارٍ

English Translation:

And the example of an evil word is like an evil tree, uprooted from the surface of the earth; it has no stability.

Tafseer from Ibn Kathir:

Allah said next, (And the parable of an evil word is that of an evil tree) describing the disbelief of the disbeliever, for it has no basis or stability. It is similar to the colocynth tree (a very bitter, unscented plant) which is also called, Ash-Shiryan’. Shubah narrated that Mu`awiyah bin Abi Qurrah narrated that Anas bin Malik said that it is the colocynth tree. Allah said, (uprooted), meaning, was cutoff from the root, (from the surface of earth, having no stability.) therefore, existing without basis or stability, just like Kufr (disbelief), for it does not have a basis or roots. Surely, the works of the disbelievers will never ascend nor will any of them be accepted. 43

This verse continues the parable from verses 24-25, contrasting the “goodly word” (faith) with the “evil word” (disbelief). The evil tree has no firmness, illustrating how disbelief lacks foundation and leads to ultimate failure, with no good deeds accepted by Allah.

Tafseer from al-Tabari (via Tafsir Ibn Abbas, as reported in traditional narrations):

The similitude of a bad saying (associating partners with Allah) is as a bad tree (this refers to the idolater; idolatry is blameworthy and no aspect of it is praiseworthy, just as the idolater is censored and there is nothing praiseworthy about him; it is also said that the bad tree refers to the colocynth which is bitter and useless, and so is the idolater: useless and censored), uprooted from upon the earth, possessing no stability (it has no firmness on the face of the earth; and so is the idolater: he does not have any proof to cling to, just as the colocynth does not have roots which keep it firmly grounded. Moreover, while a person is an idolater none of his works are accepted). 44

Al-Tabari’s comprehensive tafsir often includes chains of narration from early companions like Ibn Abbas, emphasizing the “evil tree” as representing shirk (polytheism) or the idolater, with no stability or beneficial outcome, mirroring the useless colocynth plant that is easily uprooted and bears no fruit.

14:10 prophets call & response by disbelievers

Here is Verse 14:10 from the Quran, its translation, and its Tafseer (explanation) from Tafheem-ul-Quran by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi.

The verse is from Surah Ibrahim (Chapter 14), which was revealed in Mecca. The context is the dialogue between the Messengers of God and their disbelieving peoples.


1. The Arabic Verse (Quran 14:10)

قَالَتْ رُسُلُهُمْ أَفِي اللَّهِ شَكٌّ فَاطِرِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۖ يَدْعُوكُمْ لِيَغْفِرَ لَكُمْ مِنْ ذُنُوبِكُمْ وَيُؤَخِّرَكُمْ إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى ۚ قَالُوا إِنْ أَنْتُمْ إِلَّا بَشَرٌ مِثْلُنَا تُرِيدُونَ أَنْ تَصُدُّونَا عَمَّا كَانَ يَعْبُدُ آبَاؤُنَا فَأَتُونَا بِسُلْطَانٍ مُبِينٍ


2. Transliteration

Qālat Rusuluhum afīllāhi shakkun fāṭiris samāwāti wal-arḍi yadūkum liyaghfira lakum min dhunūbikum yu'akhkhirkum ilā ajalin musammā, qālū in antum illā basharum mithlunā turīdūna an taṣuddūnāammā kāna yabudu ābāunā fa`tūnā bisulṭānim mubīn.


3. English Translation (from Tafheem-ul-Qaan)

Their Messengers said: “Can there be any doubt about Allah, the Creator of the heavens and the earth? He invites you that He may forgive you your sins and grant you respite till an appointed term.” They replied: “You are only a human being like ourselves. You seek to prevent us from serving those whom our forefathers have been serving. Bring us then a clear proof.”


4. Tafseer (Explanation) from Tafheem-ul-Quran by Maududi

This Tafseer explains the core arguments presented in the verse, breaking down the dialogue between the Messengers and their people.

The Argument of the Messengers (The Logic of Tawheed)

The Messengers counter the disbelief of their people with a powerful, logical argument:

  1. “Can there be any doubt about Allah, the Creator of the heavens and the earth?”
    • This is a rhetorical question meant to jolt the people into using their reason. The Messengers are pointing to the overwhelming evidence of Allah’s existence and power that is manifest in the entire universe. The intricate design, order, and majesty of the heavens and the earth are a clear testimony to the existence of one Supreme Creator. To doubt this is to reject the most obvious reality.
  2. “He invites you that He may forgive you your sins and grant you respite till an appointed term.”
    • The Messengers explain the purpose of Allah’s invitation (through them). It is not for Allah’s benefit but for their own:
      • Forgiveness of Sins: To purify them from the spiritual corruption of polytheism and wrongdoing, which are the root causes of societal decay.
      • Respite till an Appointed Term: To allow them a full and prosperous life on Earth until their naturally appointed time of death, instead of being destroyed for their disbelief.
    The argument is: Why would you reject the One who created you and offers you such mercy?

The Stubborn Reply of the Disbelievers (The Flawed Human Argument)

The people’s reply exposes the weakness of their position, which is based on tradition and a denial of Prophethood rather than logic:

  1. “You are only a human being like ourselves.”
    • This was a common objection against the Prophets. The disbelievers could not comprehend why God would choose a human being from among them as a Messenger. They expected angels or some spectacular being. This objection stems from arrogance and a misunderstanding of the role of a Prophet, who is sent as a practical example and guide for humanity.
  2. “You seek to prevent us from what our forefathers have been serving.”
    • This is the argument of blind following (Taqlid). They reject the new message not based on its merit but because it contradicts the inherited traditions of their ancestors. They prioritize ancestral practice over truth and evidence.
  3. “Bring us then a clear proof.”
    • This demand for a “clear proof” (Sultan Mubeen) is made in bad faith. They are not asking for logical proof, as the Messengers have already provided the ultimate proof—the existence of the Creator Himself. Instead, they are demanding a miraculous sign on their own terms, a spectacle to satisfy their whims. Their demand is a tactic to avoid accepting the truth that has already been made clear to them.

Summary of the Core Conflict

Maududi’s Tafseer highlights that this verse encapsulates the eternal conflict between Truth and Falsehood:

  • The People of Truth base their belief on reason, observation of the universe, and a sincere invitation to goodness and mercy.
  • The People of Falsehood base their rejection on arrogance, blind adherence to tradition, and unreasonable demands for proof, all while ignoring the overwhelming evidence already present before them.

This dialogue serves as a lesson for all times, showing that the excuses of disbelievers have essentially remained the same throughout history.

CHAPTER AL FATIHA

Surah Al-Fatihah
From Tafheem ul-Quran — Sayyid Abul A’la Mawdudi

Name
Its name “Al-Fatihah” is derived from the nature of its content. “Fatihah” refers to that which opens or inaugurates a subject, a book, or any matter. In other words, it carries the same meaning as “preface” or “opening statement.”

Period of Revelation
This Surah belongs to the very earliest period of the Prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ. In fact, reliable narrations indicate that it was the first complete Surah to be revealed to Muhammad ﷺ. Before this, only scattered individual verses had been revealed — those found in Surah Al-Alaq, Surah Al-Muzzammil, and Surah Al-Muddaththir and similar early revelations.

Subject Matter
In essence, this Surah is a prayer — one that Allah Himself has taught to every person who begins the study of this Book.
Its placement at the very beginning of the Quran carries a profound message: “If you truly wish to benefit from this Book, then first make this supplication to the Lord of all the worlds.”
By nature, a human being only supplicates for that which he genuinely desires and seeks in his heart. And he supplicates only when he believes that what he seeks lies within the power of the One he is calling upon.
Thus, by placing this prayer at the opening of the Quran, mankind is essentially being guided toward three things:
∙ Read this Book in search of the straight path
∙ Approach it with the mindset of a sincere seeker of truth
∙ Recognise that the ultimate source of all knowledge is Allah, and therefore begin reading by turning to Him alone for guidance

The Real Relationship Between Al-Fatihah and the Quran
Once this is properly understood, something remarkable becomes clear on its own.
The true relationship between Surah Al-Fatihah and the Quran is not that of a book and its preface.
It is the relationship of a prayer and its answer.
Surah Al-Fatihah is the supplication of the servant.
The Quran is Allah’s response to that supplication.
The servant calls out:
“O my Lord — guide me.”
And in answer, the Lord places the entire Quran before him, saying:
“Here is the guidance and direction that you asked of Me.”

SubhanAllah — what a relationship. The reader has not even opened the Book yet, and Allah has already taught him how to ask. And the moment he asks, the entire Quran stands as the answer. 🌿

 اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ

اَلۡحَمۡدُ لِلّٰہِ رَبِّ الۡعٰلَمِیۡنَ ۙ﴿۱﴾ الرَّحۡمٰنِ الرَّحِیۡمِ ۙ﴿۲﴾ مٰلِکِ یَوۡمِ الدِّیۡنِ ؕ﴿۳﴾ اِیَّاکَ نَعۡبُدُ وَ اِیَّاکَ نَسۡتَعِیۡنُ ؕ﴿۴﴾ اِہۡدِ نَا الصِّرَاطَ الۡمُسۡتَقِیۡمَ ۙ﴿۵﴾ صِرَاطَ الَّذِیۡنَ اَنۡعَمۡتَ عَلَیۡہِمۡ ۙ۬ غَیۡرِ الۡمَغۡضُوۡبِ عَلَیۡہِمۡ وَ لَا الضَّآلِّیۡنَ ٪﴿۷﴾

Surah Al-Fatihah — Translation with Footnotes
(From Tafheem ul-Quran by Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi)

The Verse
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
All praise is for Allah alone,² the Lord³ of all the worlds, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful,⁴ the Master of the Day of Recompense.⁵ You alone we worship,⁶ and from You alone we seek help.⁷ Guide us to the straight path⁸ — the path of those whom You have blessed,⁹ who have not incurred Your wrath, and who have not gone astray.¹⁰

Footnote 2
As we have explained in the preface, Surah Al-Fatihah is in essence a supplication — but this supplication opens with praise of the One from Whom we wish to ask. This is, in effect, a lesson in proper conduct: when you make a request, make it with refinement and dignity. It is no mark of courtesy to blurt out your need the moment you open your mouth. True refinement demands that before asking, you first acknowledge the excellence, the favours, and the greatness of the One you are addressing.
We praise anyone for one of two reasons: either because they possess beauty, virtue, and perfection in themselves — regardless of how their qualities affect us — or because they have been a benefactor to us, and we speak of their excellences out of a sense of gratitude. Allah’s praise befits Him in both capacities. Both our sense of appreciation and our sense of gratitude demand that our tongues be ever engaged in His praise.
And it is not merely that praise belongs to Allah — the truth is that praise belongs to Allah alone. With this, a great reality is unveiled: one whose very first stroke severs the root of creature-worship. Wherever in this world any beauty, any virtue, any perfection is found — in whatever form and in whatever thing — its ultimate source is Allah alone. No human being, no angel, no planet, no creature whatsoever possesses excellence of its own — it is entirely a gift from Allah. Therefore, if anyone deserves that we become devoted and worshipful, grateful and thankful, humble and obedient before them, it is the Creator of all perfection — not merely the bearer of it.

Footnote 3
The word Rabb is used in Arabic with three distinct meanings:
1. Owner and Master
2. Nurturer — one who raises, sustains, looks after, and guards
3. Sovereign, Ruler, Administrator, and Organiser
Allah is the Rabb of all the universe in all three of these senses.

Footnote 4
It is characteristic of human beings that when something strikes them as extraordinarily great, they express it through words of hyperbole. And if, after using one superlative, they feel the full abundance of that thing has not been adequately conveyed, they add yet another word of the same meaning — to make up for what still seems lacking in the first. This very principle underlies the addition of Raheem after Rahman in praising Allah.
Rahman is already among the most emphatic forms of exaggeration in Arabic. Yet Allah’s mercy and kindness toward His creation is so immense, so vast, so boundless and beyond measure, that even the most emphatic word leaves one unsatisfied. To do greater justice to its abundance, the word Raheem is then added as well.
The analogy is this: when describing someone’s generosity, we say sakhi (generous), but feeling it still insufficient, we add daata (the great giver). When praising a fair complexion, gora (fair) seems not quite enough, so we add chittaa (brilliantly white). When describing great height, lamba (tall) does not fully satisfy, so we follow it with tarranga (towering).

Footnote 5
That is: the Owner of the Day when all generations — past and future — will be gathered, their life’s record will be examined, and every human being will receive the full recompense of their deeds.
After calling Allah Rahman and Raheem, the addition of Master of the Day of Recompense reveals that He is not merely compassionate — He is also just. And He is a just judge of such absolute authority that on the Day of Final Judgment, all sovereignty will rest with Him alone. No one will be able to obstruct His punishment, and no one will be able to prevent His reward.
Thus, on the basis of His lordship and mercy we love Him — but on the basis of His justice we also fear Him. And we carry the awareness that the good or ill of our ultimate end rests entirely in His hands.

Footnote 6
The word ’ibadah is also used in Arabic with three meanings:
1. Worship and veneration
2. Obedience and compliance
3. Servitude and submission
All three meanings are intended here simultaneously. That is: we are Your worshippers, Your obedient servants, and Your bondsmen. And it is not merely that we maintain this relationship with You — the truth is that we maintain this relationship with You alone. In none of these three senses does anyone else hold the position of our object of worship.

Footnote 7
That is: our relationship with You is not limited to worship alone — we also direct our dependence and reliance entirely toward You. We know that You alone are the Lord of all creation, that all power rests in Your hands, and that You alone are the sole Owner of all blessings. Therefore, in seeking to fulfil our needs, we turn to You, we extend our hands before You alone, and our trust rests upon Your help. It is on this very basis that we now come before You with our petition.

Footnote 8
That is: show us, in every domain of life — in thought, in action, in conduct — the way that is entirely correct; a way in which there is no risk of error in vision, error in deed, or disgrace; a way by treading which we may attain true success and felicity.
This is the petition that the servant places before his Lord at the very outset of the Quran. His plea is: grant us Your guidance and inform us — in this labyrinth of speculative philosophies, what is the ultimate truth of reality? Among these competing moral theories, which is the correct moral order? Among life’s countless winding tracks, which is the straight and clear highway of thought and action?

Footnote 9
This is a description of the straight path whose knowledge we are seeking from Allah. That is: the path upon which Your chosen and favoured servants have always walked. That unerring path upon which — from the most ancient of times to today — whoever walked it, whether individual or community, became deserving of Your blessings and was abundantly enriched with Your favours.

Footnote 10
That is: by “those who have been blessed,” we do not mean those who are apparently and temporarily endowed with worldly blessings, yet are in reality deserving of Your wrath, and have lost their way to true success and felicity. This negative clarification itself makes plain what we do mean by “blessings”: the real and enduring blessings that come as a result of righteousness and God’s pleasure — not the temporary and deceptive blessings that in former times were granted to the Pharaohs, the Nimrods, and the Qaruns, and that even today, before our very eyes, are possessed by great oppressors, wrongdoers, and those gone astray.

SubhanAllah — may this opening of the Divine Book illuminate our path. Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ’Alamin.

اللہ کے نام سے جو رحمان و رحیم ہے۔

تعریف اللہ ہی کے لیے ہے 2 جو تمام کائنات کا رب 3 ہے ، رحمان اور رحیم ہے 4روزِ جزا کا مالک 5ہے۔ہم تیری ہی عبادت6 کرتے ہیں اور تجھی سے مدد مانگتے ہیں 7۔ ہمیں سیدھا راستہ دکھا 8، ان لوگوں کاراستہ جن پر تو نے انعام فرمایا 9 ، جو معتوب نہیں ہوئے، جو بھٹکے ہوئے نہیں ہیں 10 ۔

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :2

جیسا کہ ہم دیباچہ میں بیان کر چکے ہیں سورہ فاتحہ اصل میں تو ایک دعا ہے ، لیکن دعا کی ابتدا اس ہستی کی تعریف سے کی جارہی ہے جس سے ہم دعا مانگنا چاہتے ہیں ۔یہ گویا اس امر کی تعلیم ہے کہ دعا جب مانگو تو مہذب طریقہ سے مانگو۔یہ کوئی تہذیب نہیں ہے کہ منہ کھولتے ہی جھٹ اپنا مطلب پیش کر دیا ۔ تہذیب کا تقاضا یہ ہے کہ جس سے دعا کر رہے ہو ، پہلے اس کی خوبی کا ،اس کے احسانات اور اس کے مرتبے کا اعتراف کرو۔

تعریف ہم جس کی بھی کرتے ہیں ، دو وجوہ سے کیا کرتے ہیں۔ایک یہ کہ وہ بجائے خود حسن و خوبی اور کمال رکھتا ہو ، قطع نظر اس سے کہ ہم پر اس کے ان فضائل کا کیا اثر ہے۔ دوسرے یہ کہ وہ ہمارا محسن ہو اور ہم اعترافِ نعمت کے جذبہ سے سرشار ہو کر اس کی خوبیاں بیان کریں ۔ اللہ تعالیٰ کی تعریف ان دونوں حیثیتوں سے ہے۔ یہ ہماری قدر شناسی کا تقاضہ بھی ہے اور احسان شناسی کا بھی کہ ہم اس کے تعریف میں رَطبُ  اللّسان ہوں۔ 

اور بات صرف اتنی ہی نہیں ہے کہ تعریف اللہ کے لیےہے ، بلکہ صحیح یہ ہے کہ‘‘ تعریف اللہ ہی’’ کے لیے ہے۔ یہ بات کہہ کر ایک بڑی حقیقت پر سے پردہ اٹھا یا گیا ہے ، اور وہ حقیقت ایسی ہے جس کی پہلی ہی ضرب سے مخلوق پرستی کی جڑ کٹ جاتی ہے ۔ دنیا میں جہاں ، جس چیز اور جس شکل میں بھی کوئی حسن ، کوئی خوبی ،کوئی کمال ہے، اس کا سر چشمہ اللہ ہی کی ذات ہے ۔ کسی انسان ،کسی فرشتے ،کسی سیارے،غرض کسی مخلوق کا کمال بھی ذاتی نہیں ہے بلکہ اللہ کاعطیّہ ہے۔ پس اگر کوئی اس کا مستحق ہے کہ ہم اس کے گرویدہ اور پرستار،احسان مند اور شکر گذار ، نیاز مند اور خدمت گار بنیں تو وہ خالقِ کمال ہے نہ کہ صاحبِ کمال۔

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :3

رب کا لفظ عربی زبان میں تین معنوں میں بولا جاتا ہے ۔﴿١﴾مالک اور آقا۔﴿۲﴾مربیّ، پرورش کرنے والا، خبر گیری اور نگہبانی کرنے والا۔﴿۳﴾ فرمانروا، حاکم ، مدّبر اور منتظم ۔ اللہ تعالیٰ ان سب معنوں میں کائنات کا ربّ ہے

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :4

انسان کا خاصّہ ہے کہ جب کوئی چیز اس کی نگاہ میں بہت زیادہ ہوتی ہے تو وہ مبالغہ کے صیغوں میں اس کو بیان کرتاہے، اور اگر ایک مبالغہ کا لفظ بول کروہ محسوس کرتا ہے کہ اُس شے کی فراوانی کا حق ادا نہیں ہوا، تو پھر وہ اسی معنی کا ایک اور لفظ بولتا ہے تاکہ وہ کمی پوری ہوجائےجو اس کے نزدیک مبالغہ میں رہ گئی ہے۔ اللہ کی تعریف میں رحمن کا لفظ استعمال کرنے کے بعد پھر رحیم کا اضافہ کرنے میں بھی یہی نقطہ پوشیدہ ہے ۔ رحمان عربی زبان میں بڑے مبالغہ کا صیغہ ہے۔ لیکن خدا کی رحمت اور مہر بانی اپنی مخلوق پر اتنی زیادہ ہے ، اس قدر وسیع ہے، ایسی بے حد وحساب ہے کہ اس کے بیان میں بڑے سے بڑا مبالغہ کالفظ بول کر بھی جی نہیں بھرتا۔اس لیے اس کی فراوانی کا حق ادا کرنے کے لیے پھر رحیم کا لفظ مزید استعمال کیاگیا۔اس کی مثال ایسی ہے جیسے ہم کسی شخص کی فیاضی کے بیان میں ‘‘سخی ’’کا لفظ بول کر جب تشنگی محسوس کرتے ہیں تو اس پر ‘‘داتا ’’ کا اضافہ کرتے ہیں ۔رنگ کی تعریف میں جب ‘‘گورے ’’ کو کافی نہیں پاتے تو اس پر ‘‘چٹےّ ’’ کا لفظ اور بڑھا دیتےہیں ۔درازیِ قد کے ذکر میں جب ‘‘لمبا ’’ کہنے سے تسلّی نہیں ہوتی تو اس کے بعد ‘‘تڑنگا ’’ بھی کہتے ہیں۔

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :5

یعنی اُس دن کا مالک جبکہ تمام اگلی پچھلی نسلوں کو جمع کرکے ان کے کارنامہٴ زندگی کا حساب لیا جائیگا اور ہر انسان کواس کے عمل کا پورا صِلہ مل جائےگا۔ اللہ کی تعریف میں رحمان اور رحیم کہنے کے بعد مالک روزِجزاکہنے سے یہ بات نکلتی ہے کہ وہ نِرا مہربان ہی نہیں ہے بلکہ منصف بھی ہے، اور منصف بھی ایسا با اختیار منصف کہ آخری فیصلے کے روز وہی پورے اقتدار کا مالک ہوگا، نہ اس کی سزا میں کوئی مزاحم ہوسکے گا اور نہ جزا میں مانع۔ لہٰذا ہم اس کی ربوبیت اور رحمت کی بناء پر اس سے محبت ہی نہیں کرتے بلکہ اس کے انصاف کی بنا پراس سے ڈرتے بھی ہیں اوریہ احساس بھی رکھتے ہیں کہ ہمارے انجام کی بھلائی اوربُرائی بالکُلّیہ اُسی کے اختیارمیں ہے

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :6

عبادت کا لفظ بھی عربی زبان میں تین معنوں میں استعمال ہوتاہے۔ ﴿١﴾ پوجا اور پرستش ﴿۲﴾ اطاعت اور فرمانبرداری ﴿۳﴾ بندگی اور غلامی۔ اس مقام پر تینوں معنی بیک وقت مراد ہیں۔یعنی ہم تیرے پرستار بھی ہیں ،مطیع فرمان بھی اور بندہ و غلام بھی۔ اور بات صرف اتنی ہی نہیں ہے کہ ہم تیرے ساتھ یہ تعلق رکھتے ہیں ۔بلکہ واقعی حقیقت یہ ہے کہ ہمارا تعلق صرف تیرے ہی ساتھ ہے ۔ان تینوں معنوں میں سے کسی معنی میں بھی کوئی دوسرا ہمارا معبود نہیں ہے

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :7

یعنی تیرے ساتھ ہمارا تعلق محض عبادت ہی کا نہیں ہے بلکہ استعانت کا تعلق بھی ہم تیرے ہی ساتھ رکھتے ہیں ۔ہمیں معلوم ہے کہ ساری کائنات کا ربّ تو ہی ہے، اور ساری طاقتیں تیرے ہی ہاتھ میں ہیں ،اور ساری نعمتوں کا تو ہی اکیلا مالک ہے، اس لیے ہم اپنی حاجتوں کی طلب میں تیری طرف ہی رجوع کرتے ہیں ، تیرے ہی آگے ہمارا ہاتھ پھیلتا ہے اور تیری مدد پر ہمارا اعتماد ہے ۔ اسی بناپر ہم اپنی درخواست لے کر تیری خدمت میں حاضر ہورہے ہیں۔

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :8

یعنی زندگی کے ہر شعبہ میں خیال اور عمل اور برتاوٴ کا وہ طریقہ ہمیں بتا  جو بالکل صحیح ہو، جس میں غلط بینی اور غلط کاری اوربدنامی کا خطرہ نہ ہو، جس پر چل کہ ہم سچی فلاح وسعادت حاصل کر سکیں ——– یہ ہے وہ درخواست جو قرآن شروع کرتے ہوئے بندہ اپنے خدا کے حضور پیش کرتاہے ۔اس کی گزارش یہ ہے کہ آپ ہماری رہنمائی فرمائیں اور ہمیں بتائیں کہ قیاسی فلسفوں کی اس بھول بھلیاںمیں حقیقتِ نفس الامری کیا ہے، اخلاق کے ان مختلف نظریات میں صحیح نظامِ اخلاق کونسا ہے، زندگی کی اِن بے شمار پگڈنڈیوں کے درمیان فکر و عمل کی سیدھی اورصاف شاہراہ کونسی ہے۔

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :9

یہ اُس سیدھے راستہ کی تعریف ہے جس کا علم ہم اللہ تعالیٰ سے مانگ رہے ہیں۔یعنی وہ راستہ جس پر ہمیشہ سے تیرے منظورِ نظر لوگ چلتے رہے ہیں۔ وہ بے خطا راستہ کہ قدیم ترین زمانہ سے آج تک جو شخص اور جو گروہ بھی اس پر چلا وہ تیرے انعامات کا مستحق ہوٴا اور تیری نعمتوں سے مالامال ہوکر رہا۔

سُوْرَةُ الْفَاتِحَة حاشیہ نمبر :10

یعنی‘‘انعام’’پانے والوں سے ہماری مراد وہ لوگ نہیں ہیں جو بظاہر عارضی طور پر تیری دُنیوی نعمتوں سے سرفراز تو ہوتے ہیں مگر دراصل وہ تیرے غصب کے مستحق ہوٴا کرتے ہیں اور اپنی و سعادت کی راہ گم کیے ہوئے ہوتے ہیں۔اس سلبی تشریح سے یہ بات خود کھل جاتی ہے کہ ‘‘انعام’’سے ہماری مراد حقیقی اور پائدار انعامات ہیں جوراست روی اور خدا کی خوشنودی کے نتیجے میں ملا کرتے ہیں، نہ کہ وہ عارضی اور نمائشی انعامات جو پہلے بھی فرعونوں اور نمرودوں اور قارونوں کو ملتے رہے ہیں اور آج بھی ہماری آنکھوں کےسامنے بڑے بڑے ظالموں اوربدکاروں اور گمراہوں کو ملے ہوئے ہیں۔

قرآنِ کریم اور غیر مسلموں کے ساتھ بظاہر امتیازی برتاؤ کا سوال اور قرآنی جواب

تفاسیر کی روشنی میں ایک علمی جائزہ

قرآنِ کریم اور غیر مسلموں کے ساتھ

بظاہر امتیازی برتاؤ کا سوال اور قرآنی جواب

تفاسیر کی روشنی میں ایک علمی جائزہ

 

اسلامی فکر میں یہ سوال ہمیشہ سے زیرِ بحث رہا ہے کہ قرآنِ کریم میں ایمان والوں اور کافروں کے درمیان جو فرق بیان کیا گیا ہے، کیا وہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی رحمتِ عامہ کے منافی نہیں؟ حالانکہ اللہ سبحانہ وتعالیٰ کی صفات میں سب سے نمایاں ”الرَّحْمٰن” اور ”الرَّحِیْم” ہیں جو تمام مخلوقات پر احاطہ کیے ہوئے ہیں۔ ذیل میں اس موضوع پر تفصیلی کلام کیا جاتا ہے۔

 

۱۔ بنیادی علمی کلید: رحمانیت اور رحیمیت میں فرق

اس پوری بحث کی اصل چابی یہ ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی رحمت کے دو مستقل پہلو ہیں — اور انھیں خلط ملط کرنے سے ہی یہ غلط فہمی پیدا ہوتی ہے:

اَلرَّحْمٰنُ — وہ رحمتِ عامہ جو پوری کائنات کو محیط ہے، مومن ہو یا کافر، ہر مخلوق اس سے حصہ پاتی ہے۔ اَلرَّحِیْمُ — وہ رحمتِ خاصہ جو اہلِ ایمان کو آخرت میں عطا ہوگی اور جو ایمان و عمل کے صلے میں ملتی ہے۔

 

یہ فرق امتیاز نہیں بلکہ ”عطائے عمومی” اور ”جزائے خاص” کا فرق ہے۔ سورج کی روشنی سب پر یکساں پڑتی ہے، لیکن جو اس کی طرف رخ کرے، اس کی حرارت پوری طرح محسوس کرتا ہے۔

سنن ترمذی میں ہے کہ نبی کریم ﷺ نے فرمایا: اللہ نے رحمت کو سو حصوں میں تقسیم فرمایا، نناوے حصے اپنے پاس رکھے اور ایک حصہ زمین پر اتارا — اسی ایک حصے کی وجہ سے تمام مخلوقات میں محبت اور شفقت پائی جاتی ہے۔

وَرَحْمَتِي وَسِعَتْ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ

(الاعراف: ۱۵۶) ”اور میری رحمت ہر چیز کو محیط ہے۔”

 

۲۔ وہ آیاتِ کریمہ جن پر اعتراض کیا جاتا ہے

(الف) سورۃ البقرہ ۲:۶-۷ — ”وہ ایمان نہیں لائیں گے”

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَأَنذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنذِرْهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ ۞ خَتَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِمْ

ترجمہ: بے شک جن لوگوں نے کفر کیا، انھیں ڈراؤ یا نہ ڈراؤ، یکساں ہے — وہ ایمان نہیں لائیں گے۔ اللہ نے ان کے دلوں اور کانوں پر مہر لگا دی ہے اور آنکھوں پر پردہ ہے۔

اعتراض:

کیا اللہ نے ان لوگوں پر پہلے سے کفر کا فیصلہ لکھ کر پھر انھیں اس کی سزا دی؟ یہ تو ظلم معلوم ہوتا ہے۔

قرآنی جواب اور تفسیر:

قرآن خود اس کی وضاحت کرتا ہے:

كَلَّا بَلْ رَانَ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِم مَّا كَانُوا يَكْسِبُونَ

(المطففین: ۱۴) ”بلکہ ان کے دلوں پر وہ (زنگ) چڑھ گیا جو وہ کماتے رہے۔”

مولانا مودودیؒ تفہیم القرآن میں فرماتے ہیں: یہ آیت مکہ کے ان مخصوص سرداروں کے بارے میں ہے جنھوں نے ہر نشانی دیکھنے کے بعد شعوری طور پر انکار کیا۔ یہ کوئی ابدی الٰہی حکم نہیں بلکہ ایک مخصوص گروہ کی حالت کا بیان ہے جو ان کے اپنے ارادوں کا نتیجہ ہے۔ مہر ان کے اپنے بار بار کے انکار کا منطقی انجام ہے، نہ کہ ابتدائی ظلم۔

 

(ب) سورۃ المائدہ ۵:۵۱ — ”یہود و نصاریٰ کو دوست نہ بناؤ”

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَتَّخِذُوا الْيَهُودَ وَالنَّصَارَىٰ أَوْلِيَاءَ

ترجمہ: اے ایمان والو! یہودیوں اور عیسائیوں کو اپنا ولی نہ بناؤ۔

اعتراض:

کیا قرآن تمام غیر مسلموں سے ہر قسم کے تعلقات منع کرتا ہے؟ کیا یہ فرقہ وارانہ نفرت کی تعلیم نہیں؟

قرآنی جواب — لفظ ”اولیاء” کی تحقیق:

عربی لفظ ”وَلِیّ / اَوْلِیَاء” کا مطلب محض ”دوست” نہیں، بلکہ یہ سیاسی سرپرست، فوجی اتحادی، یا وہ شخص جس کے حوالے اپنے تمام معاملات کردیے جائیں — کے معنوں میں ہے۔ یہ آیت دشمن قوتوں کو سیاسی سرپرست بنانے سے منع کرتی ہے، عام دوستی اور ہمسائیگی سے نہیں۔

معارف القرآن میں اس کی تین درجے بندی یوں ہے:

• مُوَالاۃ (گہری وفاداری و سیاسی اطاعت) — دشمنانِ اسلام کے ساتھ حرام

• مُدَارَاۃ (شائستہ اور ادب آمیز میل جول) — تمام غیر مسلموں کے ساتھ جائز

• عَدل و اِنصاف (انصاف کا برتاؤ) — قرآن کا صریح حکم (الممتحنہ: ۸)

لَّا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّهُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ… أَن تَبَرُّوهُمْ وَتُقْسِطُوا إِلَيْهِمْ

(الممتحنہ: ۸) ”اللہ تمھیں ان لوگوں کے ساتھ بھلائی اور انصاف کرنے سے نہیں روکتا جنھوں نے دین کے معاملے میں تم سے جنگ نہیں کی۔”

 

(ج) سورۃ التوبہ ۹:۵ — ”آیتِ سیف”

فَاقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمْ

ترجمہ: پس مشرکوں کو جہاں پاؤ قتل کرو۔

اعتراض:

کیا یہ تمام غیر مسلموں کے خلاف دائمی جنگ کا حکم نہیں؟

قرآنی جواب — سیاق و سباق:

مولانا مودودیؒ اس آیت کے پس منظر پر بالتفصیل روشنی ڈالتے ہیں:

یہ آیت ہجرت کے نویں سال کے مخصوص حالات سے متعلق ہے۔ مکہ فتح ہوچکا تھا اور عرب کے کئی مشرک قبیلوں نے صلح نامے توڑ دیے تھے۔ یہ ان عہد شکن قبیلوں کے خلاف فوجی حکم تھا — عمومی غیر مسلموں کے بارے میں کوئی دائمی دینی حکم نہیں۔

اسی سورت کے آگے ارشاد ہے:

وَإِنْ أَحَدٌ مِّنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ اسْتَجَارَكَ فَأَجِرْهُ حَتَّىٰ يَسْمَعَ كَلَامَ اللَّهِ ثُمَّ أَبْلِغْهُ مَأْمَنَهُ

(التوبہ: ۶) ”اور اگر کوئی مشرک پناہ مانگے تو اسے پناہ دو یہاں تک کہ وہ کلامِ الٰہی سنے، پھر اسے اس کی پناہ گاہ پہنچا دو۔” — یہ انسانی وقار کا کھلا اعتراف ہے۔

 

(د) سورۃ آل عمران ۳:۲۸ — ”کافروں کو دوست نہ بناؤ”

مولانا مودودیؒ اس آیت کی توضیح میں تقیہ (بحالتِ مجبوری) کی اجازت کا ذکر کرتے ہیں:

جو مومن کمزور اور بے بس ہو اور اسے ظلم یا قتل کا خوف ہو، اسے اپنا ایمان چھپانے اور ظاہراً دشمنوں سے دوستانہ رویہ رکھنے کی اجازت ہے۔ یہ استثنا ثابت کرتا ہے کہ آیت نظریاتی وفاداری اور سیاسی تسلیم کے بارے میں ہے — عام انسانی شفقت اور مہربانی کے بارے میں نہیں۔

 

۳۔ قرآن کا اپنا جواب — سورۃ الزمر ۳۹:۵۳

قُلْ يَا عِبَادِيَ الَّذِينَ أَسْرَفُوا عَلَىٰ أَنفُسِهِمْ لَا تَقْنَطُوا مِن رَّحْمَةِ اللَّهِ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ جَمِيعًا ۚ إِنَّهُ هُوَ الْغَفُورُ الرَّحِيمُ

ترجمہ: کہہ دیجیے: اے میرے وہ بندو جنھوں نے اپنی جانوں پر زیادتی کی! اللہ کی رحمت سے مایوس نہ ہو۔ بے شک اللہ تمام گناہ معاف فرمادیتا ہے۔ وہ غفور و رحیم ہے۔

مولانا مودودیؒ اس آیت کی تفسیر میں لکھتے ہیں: ”یہاں خطاب ”عِبَادِی” (میرے بندوں) سے ہے اور کوئی مضبوط دلیل نہیں کہ اسے صرف مسلمانوں تک محدود سمجھا جائے۔ یہ آیت اہلِ جاہلیت کو بھی خطاب کرتی تھی جو اپنے گناہوں کی کثرت سے مایوس ہوچکے تھے۔ پیغام یہ ہے: جو بھی اپنے رب کی طرف پلٹ جائے، اس کا ہر گناہ معاف ہے۔”

 

۴۔ تفاسیر کا خلاصہ — تین بنیادی اصول

اصولِ اول: جنگ کا سیاق بمقابلہ امن کا سیاق

تمام ”سخت” آیات تقریباً بلا استثنا ان لوگوں سے متعلق ہیں جو فعلاً جنگ میں تھے، عہد توڑ چکے تھے، یا مسلمانوں کو ان کے گھروں سے نکال رہے تھے۔ یہ فوجی اور سیاسی احکام ہیں — غیر مسلموں کی انسانی حیثیت کے بارے میں الٰہی موقف نہیں۔

اصولِ دوم: رحمانیت بمقابلہ رحیمیت

اَلرَّحْمٰن — ہر جاندار کو رزق، صحت، اور وجود دینے والی عالمگیر رحمت اَلرَّحِیم — ایمان و عمل کے بدلے آخرت میں ملنے والی خصوصی رحمت یہ تفریق استحقاق کی بات نہیں — یہ ردِّعمل کی بات ہے: رحمت سب کو گھیرے ہوئے ہے، لیکن اسے جو پوری طرح سمیٹنا چاہے وہ ایمان کا راستہ اختیار کرے۔

اصولِ سوم: نبی کریم ﷺ — رحمۃٌ للعالمین

وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لِّلْعَالَمِينَ

(الانبیاء: ۱۰۷) ”اور ہم نے آپ کو تمام جہانوں کے لیے رحمت بنا کر بھیجا۔”

”عالمین” میں صرف مسلمان نہیں — تمام انسان، بلکہ تمام مخلوقات شامل ہیں۔ خود رسالتِ مآب ﷺ کا وجود تمام بنی نوع انسان پر اللہ کی رحمت کا ظہور ہے۔

 

۵۔ خلاصۂ بحث

قرآنِ کریم ایمان والوں اور کافروں میں فرق ضرور کرتا ہے — لیکن یہ فرق آخرت اور تعلق کی نوعیت کے باب میں ہے، انسانی وقار اور دنیاوی الٰہی رحمت کے باب میں نہیں۔

اللہ تعالیٰ نے اپنی رحمت اپنے اوپر لازم ٹھہرائی ہے (الانعام: ۱۲)، ہر مخلوق کو رزق دیتا ہے، ہر دل میں محبت رکھتا ہے۔ مخصوص آیات میں جو سختی نظر آتی ہے وہ جنگ، عہد شکنی، اور سیاسی غداری کی مخصوص تاریخی صورتِ حال کا جواب ہے — غیر مسلموں کے بارے میں عمومی الٰہی موقف نہیں۔

سورۃ الفاتحہ کی ساخت خود اس پوری بحث کا جواب ہے: اللہ سب سے پہلے ”رَبُّ الْعَالَمِیْن” (تمام جہانوں کا رب) ہے — یعنی آفاقی ربوبیت پہلے آتی ہے۔ پھر ”رَحْمٰن” اور ”رَّحِیم” کے طور پر ذکر ہوتا ہے، اور پھر ”مَالِکِ یَوْمِ الدِّیْن” (جزا کے دن کا مالک) — یعنی آفاقی پرورش پہلے ہے، مخصوص جزا بعد میں۔

 

وَاللّٰهُ أَعْلَمُ بِالصَّوَابِ

اور اللہ ہی درستی کو سب سے بہتر جانتا ہے

قرآنی آیات پر صنفی امتیاز کے الزامات اور ان کا قرآن و تفاسیر سے جواب

Allegations of Gender Discrimination in the Quran — Rebuttal from Quran & Tafaseer

تعارف

یہ دستاویز ان قرآنی آیات کا جامع جائزہ پیش کرتی ہے جن پر مغربی یا سیکولر ناقدین کی جانب سے صنفی امتیاز کا الزام لگایا جاتا ہے۔ ہر آیت کے ساتھ عربی متن، اردو ترجمہ، الزام اور پھر قرآن و تفاسیر — بالخصوص مولانا مودودیؒ کی تفہیم القرآن، ابن کثیرؒ اور دیگر علماء — کی روشنی میں مدلل جواب پیش کیا گیا ہے۔

اسلامی علمی روایت کا مرکزی نقطہ یہ ہے کہ یہ آیات دو متکمل جنسوں کے درمیان فنکشنل اور قانونی تفریق بیان کرتی ہیں — نہ کہ کسی کی روحانی، عقلی یا انسانی برتری یا کمتری کا اعلان۔

 

۱. سورۃ النساء ۴:۳۴ — قوّامیّت

عربی آیت:

ٱلرِّجَالُ قَوَّٰمُونَ عَلَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ بِمَا فَضَّلَ ٱللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ وَبِمَآ أَنفَقُوا۟ مِنْ أَمْوَٰلِهِمْ ۚ فَٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتُ قَٰنِتَٰتٌ حَٰفِظَٰتٌ لِّلْغَيْبِ بِمَا حَفِظَ ٱللَّهُ ۚ وَٱلَّٰتِى تَخَافُونَ نُشُوزَهُنَّ فَعِظُوهُنَّ وَٱهْجُرُوهُنَّ فِى ٱلْمَضَاجِعِ وَٱضْرِبُوهُنَّ

اردو ترجمہ:

“مرد عورتوں پر قوّام ہیں، اس لیے کہ اللہ نے ان میں سے بعض کو بعض پر فضیلت دی ہے، اور اس لیے کہ وہ اپنے مال خرچ کرتے ہیں۔ پس نیک عورتیں فرمانبردار ہیں، غیب میں اس چیز کی حفاظت کرنے والی ہیں جس کی حفاظت اللہ نے چاہی۔ اور جن عورتوں سے تمہیں سرکشی کا خوف ہو انہیں سمجھاؤ، پھر انہیں خوابگاہوں میں تنہا چھوڑ دو، پھر انہیں مارو۔”

الزام:

ناقدین کا کہنا ہے کہ یہ آیت مردوں کی مستقل برتری اور عورتوں کی تابعداری قائم کرتی ہے، خصوصاً لفظ اضربوھن (مارنا) انتہائی متنازعہ ہے۔

قرآن و تفاسیر سے جواب:

الف — لفظ ‘قوّام’ کا اصل مطلب

مولانا مودودیؒ تفہیم القرآن میں وضاحت فرماتے ہیں: قوّام یا قیّم وہ شخص ہوتا ہے جو کسی فرد یا ادارے کے معاملات کی نگرانی، حفاظت اور ان کی ضروریات پوری کرنے کا ذمہ دار ہو۔ یہ کسی کی ذاتی برتری کا اعلان نہیں بلکہ مالی ذمہ داری اور سرپرستی کا کردار ہے۔

ب — ‘فضل’ سے مراد فنکشنل فرق

لفظ فضّل سے یہ نہیں سمجھا جائے گا کہ کسی کو دوسرے پر فطری یا روحانی شرف حاصل ہے۔ یہ صرف تکمیلی کرداروں کے درمیان فرق کی بات ہے — نہ کہ انسانی وقار میں تفاوت۔

ج — ‘اضربوھن’ — لغوی اور سیاقی باریکی

عربی میں ‘ضَرَبَ’ کے بیس سے زائد معنی ہیں: سفر کرنا، مثال بیان کرنا، الگ کرنا وغیرہ۔ حضرت عبداللہ بن عباسؓ — سب سے بڑے مفسّر صحابی — نے فرمایا: اگر مارنا ہو تو ‘غیر مُبرِّح’ ہو، یعنی ایسا جو نشان نہ چھوڑے۔ نبی کریم ﷺ نے خود اپنی پوری زندگی کبھی کسی عورت کو نہیں مارا۔

د — قرآن کا مساواتی موقف — الاحزاب ۳۳:۳۵

إِنَّ ٱلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَٱلْمُسْلِمَٰتِ وَٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَٱلْمُؤْمِنَٰتِ…

یہ آیت مسلمان مرد و عورت دونوں کو تیرہ اوصاف میں برابر قرار دے کر دونوں کے لیے یکساں اجر کا وعدہ کرتی ہے۔

 

۲. سورۃ البقرہ ۲:۲۸۲ — دو عورتوں کی گواہی

عربی آیت:

وَٱسْتَشْهِدُوا۟ شَهِيدَيْنِ مِن رِّجَالِكُمْ ۖ فَإِن لَّمْ يَكُونَا رَجُلَيْنِ فَرَجُلٌ وَٱمْرَأَتَانِ مِمَّن تَرْضَوْنَ مِنَ ٱلشُّهَدَآءِ أَن تَضِلَّ إِحْدَىٰهُمَا فَتُذَكِّرَ إِحْدَىٰهُمَا ٱلْأُخْرَىٰ

اردو ترجمہ:

“اور اپنے مردوں میں سے دو گواہ بناؤ؛ اگر دو مرد نہ ہوں تو ایک مرد اور دو عورتیں جنہیں تم گواہوں میں سے پسند کرو — تاکہ اگر ایک بھول جائے تو دوسری اسے یاد دلائے۔”

الزام:

ناقدین کہتے ہیں کہ عورت کی گواہی مرد کی نصف ہے، جو اس کی کمتر عقل یا قابلیت کی دلیل ہے۔

قرآن و تفاسیر سے جواب:

الف — ‘اِشہاد’ اور ‘شہادت’ میں فرق

محمد عمارہ جیسے معاصر علماء نے یہ اہم فرق واضح کیا ہے: ‘شہادت’ عدالتی گواہی ہے اور ‘اِشہاد’ کاروباری دستاویز سازی میں گواہ بنانا۔ یہ آیت صرف مالی معاملات کی دستاویز سازی سے متعلق ہے — تمام عدالتی معاملات پر عمومی حکم نہیں۔

ب — ‘تَضِلَّ’ کا سیاق

لفظ ‘أن تَضِلَّ’ (بھول جائے) ایک خاص سیاق میں ہے — ساتویں صدی میں عورتیں تجارتی معاملات سے بڑی حد تک دور رکھی جاتی تھیں، اس لیے یہ نادانی نہیں بلکہ ناتجربہ کاری کا معاملہ تھا۔ دوسری عورت یادداشت کی مدد کے لیے ہے، آزادانہ گواہی کے لیے نہیں۔

ج — ایک تاریخی انقلاب

دور جاہلیت میں عورت کو گواہی کا کوئی قانونی حق ہی حاصل نہ تھا۔ قرآن نے عورت کو پہلی بار باقاعدہ قانونی گواہ کا درجہ دیا — یہ تاریخ میں ایک انقلابی قدم تھا۔

د — قرآن نے تنہا عورت کی گواہی بھی قبول کی

سورۃ النور ۲۴:۶ تا ۹ (لعان) میں ایک عورت کی تنہا قسم اس کے خاوند کی قسم کے برابر قانونی وزن رکھتی ہے۔ ثابت ہوا کہ جنس بذات خود کبھی مطلق معیار نہیں رہی۔

 

۳. سورۃ النساء ۴:۱۱ — وراثت

عربی آیت:

يُوصِيكُمُ ٱللَّهُ فِىٓ أَوْلَٰدِكُمْ ۖ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ ٱلْأُنثَيَيْنِ ۚ فَإِن كُنَّ نِسَآءً فَوْقَ ٱثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَ ۖ وَإِن كَانَتْ وَٰحِدَةً فَلَهَا ٱلنِّصْفُ

اردو ترجمہ:

“اللہ تمہاری اولاد کے بارے میں تمہیں حکم دیتا ہے: لڑکے کا حصہ دو لڑکیوں کے حصے کے برابر ہے۔ اگر سب لڑکیاں ہوں اور دو سے زیادہ ہوں تو انہیں ترکے کا دو تہائی ملے گا؛ اگر ایک ہی لڑکی ہو تو اسے نصف ملے گا۔”

الزام:

عورت کو مرد کے مقابلے میں نصف وراثت ملتی ہے — اسے معاشی ناانصافی قرار دیا جاتا ہے۔

قرآن و تفاسیر سے جواب:

الف — مالی ذمہ داریوں کا توازن

مولانا مودودیؒ تفہیم القرآن میں وضاحت فرماتے ہیں: اسلامی قانون میں مرد پر مالی ذمہ داریاں کہیں زیادہ ہیں — مہر، بیوی کا مکمل نفقہ، بچوں کا خرچ — جبکہ عورت پر یہ ذمہ داریاں بالکل نہیں۔ عورت کی وراثت مکمل طور پر اس کی ذاتی ملکیت ہے، اسے کسی پر خرچ کرنا لازم نہیں۔ اس لیے انصاف کا تقاضا یہی تناسب ہے۔

ب — تاریخی انقلاب — ابن کثیر

ابن کثیرؒ نے نوٹ کیا ہے کہ دور جاہلیت میں عورت کو وراثت سے سرے سے محروم رکھا جاتا تھا۔ قرآن نے دنیا کی قانونی تاریخ میں پہلی بار عورت کے لیے ایک متعین، ناقابل تبدیل حصہ لازم قرار دیا۔

ج — قرآن نے عورت کو مرکز بنایا

قرآن نے یہ نہیں کہا: ‘دو عورتوں کا حصہ ایک مرد کے برابر ہے’ — بلکہ کہا: ‘مرد کا حصہ دو عورتوں کے برابر ہے’۔ اس طرز بیان سے عورت کے حصے کو بنیاد بنایا گیا، جو اس کی اہمیت کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

د — بعض صورتوں میں عورت کا حصہ زیادہ یا برابر

اگر عورت اکیلی وارث ہو تو نصف ترکہ اسے ملتا ہے۔ ‘کلالہ’ کی صورت میں بھائی اور بہن برابر کے وارث ہیں (۴:۱۷۶)۔ ماں کو مستقل حصہ ملتا ہے جو باپ سے کم نہیں۔ ۲:۱ کا تناسب ہر صورت پر لاگو نہیں — یہ حالات کے مطابق بدلتا ہے۔

ہ — خالص مالی حیثیت اکثر عورت کے حق میں

ابن القیمؒ اور جمال بدوی جیسے علماء نے حساب لگایا ہے کہ جب مہر، نفقے سے مکمل آزادی اور ذاتی آمدن کو ملایا جائے تو مسلمان عورت اکثر اپنے مرد رشتہ داروں سے زیادہ قابل تصرف دولت رکھتی ہے۔

 

۴. سورۃ البقرہ ۲:۲۲۸ — مردوں کو ایک درجہ

عربی آیت:

وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ ٱلَّذِى عَلَيْهِنَّ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ

اردو ترجمہ:

“اور عورتوں کے حقوق بھی ویسے ہی ہیں جیسے ان پر مردوں کے ہیں، معروف طریقے سے — البتہ مردوں کو ان پر ایک درجہ حاصل ہے۔ اور اللہ غالب اور حکیم ہے۔”

الزام:

یہ آیت مردوں کو عورتوں پر ایک درجہ برتر قرار دیتی ہے — اسے ہمہ گیر مردانہ برتری سمجھا جاتا ہے۔

قرآن و تفاسیر سے جواب:

الف — ‘درجہ’ کا مخصوص سیاق

یہ آیت طلاق کے احکام کے ضمن میں نازل ہوئی۔ تمام کلاسیکی مفسرین — طبریؒ، زمخشریؒ، رازیؒ، ابن کثیرؒ — کا اتفاق ہے کہ یہ ‘درجہ’ مرد کے یک طرفہ طلاق کے اختیار (طلاق) سے متعلق ہے — جو ساتھ میں عدت کے دوران نفقہ اور مؤخر مہر ادا کرنے کی ذمہ داری بھی لاتا ہے۔ یعنی یہ ذمہ داری اور قانونی جوابدہی کا درجہ ہے، نہ کہ مابعدالطبیعاتی یا روحانی برتری۔

ب — آیت کا آغاز مساوات سے

آیت کا پہلا حصہ — ‘وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ ٱلَّذِى عَلَيْهِنَّ’ — یعنی عورتوں کے حقوق بھی اسی طرح ہیں جیسے ان پر ذمہ داریاں ہیں — ساتویں صدی کی کسی بھی مذہبی دستاویز میں حقوقِ زوجین کا سب سے جامع اور متوازن اعلان ہے۔

 

۵. قرآنی جواب — مکمل روحانی مساوات کی آیات

ان تمام آیات کو پڑھتے وقت ذہن میں یہ رکھنا ضروری ہے کہ قرآن نے متعدد مقامات پر مرد و عورت کی روحانی، اخلاقی اور الٰہی حیثیت میں کامل مساوات کا اعلان کیا ہے:

 

الحجرات ۴۹:۱۳

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَٰكُم مِّن ذَكَرٍ وَأُنثَىٰ وَجَعَلْنَٰكُمْ شُعُوبًا وَقَبَآئِلَ لِتَعَارَفُوٓا۟ ۚ إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ أَتْقَىٰكُمْ

“اے لوگو! ہم نے تمہیں ایک مرد اور ایک عورت سے پیدا کیا اور تمہیں قوموں اور قبیلوں میں تقسیم کیا تاکہ تم ایک دوسرے کو پہچانو۔ بے شک اللہ کے نزدیک تم میں سب سے زیادہ معزز وہ ہے جو سب سے زیادہ متقی ہو۔”

— یہاں مرد یا عورت کا کوئی استثناء نہیں، صرف تقوٰی کا معیار ہے۔

 

آل عمران ۳:۱۹۵

فَٱسْتَجَابَ لَهُمْ رَبُّهُمْ أَنِّى لَآ أُضِيعُ عَمَلَ عَٰمِلٍ مِّنكُم مِّن ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنثَىٰ ۖ بَعْضُكُم مِّنۢ بَعْضٍ

“پس ان کے رب نے ان کی دعا قبول فرمائی کہ میں تم میں سے کسی عمل کرنے والے کے عمل کو ضائع نہیں کروں گا، خواہ مرد ہو یا عورت — تم ایک دوسرے سے ہو۔”

 

النحل ۱۶:۹۷

مَنْ عَمِلَ صَٰلِحًا مِّن ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنثَىٰ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَلَنُحْيِيَنَّهُۥ حَيَوٰةً طَيِّبَةً

“جو کوئی نیک عمل کرے، مرد ہو یا عورت، اور وہ مومن ہو، تو ہم اسے یقیناً پاکیزہ زندگی عطا کریں گے۔”

 

النساء ۴:۱۲۴

وَمَن يَعْمَلْ مِنَ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ مِن ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنثَىٰ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَأُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ يَدْخُلُونَ ٱلْجَنَّةَ

“اور جو کوئی نیک اعمال کرے، مرد ہو یا عورت، اور وہ مومن ہو، تو ایسے ہی لوگ جنت میں داخل ہوں گے۔”

 

خلاصہ و نتیجہ

اسلامی علمی روایت — ابن کثیرؒ اور طبریؒ سے لے کر مولانا مودودیؒ اور معاصر علماء تک — مسلسل یہی موقف پیش کرتی ہے کہ مذکورہ بالا آیات دو تکمیلی جنسوں کے درمیان فنکشنل اور قانونی تفریق بیان کرتی ہیں، نہ کہ کسی کی ذاتی، روحانی یا انسانی کمتری کا اعلان کرتی ہیں۔

قرآن کریم کی وہ آیات جو مرد و عورت کی مساوی روحانی حیثیت، یکساں الٰہی جوابدہی اور نیک اعمال پر یکساں اجر کا وعدہ کرتی ہیں، ان تمام دیگر آیات کی تفسیر کا وہ مرکزی فریم ورک فراہم کرتی ہیں جس کی روشنی میں تمام جزوی احکام کو سمجھنا ضروری ہے۔

 

وَٱللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ

اور اللہ سب سے بہتر جاننے والا ہے

“ kill nonbelievers” clarification

Overview of Quran 9:5

Quran 9:5, often referred to as the “Sword Verse,” states: “But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practice regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.” Interpretations by scholars emphasize its revelation in the context of 7th-century Arabian conflicts, particularly after the breach of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628 CE, where polytheist tribes like the Quraysh supported attacks on Muslim allies. 12 This led to a four-month grace period for treaty-breakers to repent or depart safely, after which Muslims could respond defensively. 22 The verse is not seen as a universal mandate for violence against all non-Muslims but targets specific aggressors, excluding non-combatants like women, children, the elderly, monks, and those seeking asylum (as clarified in 9:6). 21 Scholars agree on protections for the People of the Book (Jews and Christians), who are addressed separately in 9:29, and stress that forced conversion is forbidden (haram) in Islam, aligning with verses like 2:256 (“no compulsion in religion”). 20

Historical Context Across Interpretations

All scholars place 9:5 within the events leading to the Conquest of Mecca in 630 CE. The verse was revealed after polytheist tribes violated peace treaties by aiding attacks on Muslim allies (e.g., Banu Bakr vs. Banu Khuza’a). 22 It declares the end of treaties with treacherous groups (9:1-4), mandates fighting only after the grace period, and offers mercy upon repentance, prayer, and charity (often interpreted as signs of genuine submission or piety, not strictly conversion). 23 Classical sources like tafsirs (Quranic commentaries) link it to broader jihad rules, prohibiting initiation of hostilities (per 2:190) and requiring cessation if enemies seek peace (8:61). 13 Modern analyses critique overgeneralization, viewing it as a response to betrayal rather than offensive warfare. 20

Classical Interpretations

Classical scholars (primarily from the 8th-14th centuries) often interpret 9:5 as a firm command against persistent idolaters, sometimes seeing it as abrogating (naskh) earlier peaceful verses, though they limit its application to combatants and emphasize mercy clauses.

  • Al-Tabari (838–923 CE, Sunni): Views the verse as permitting retaliation against treaty-breakers but forbids initiating hostilities; it means “fight those who fight you” and protects non-combatants. 22
  • Al-Qurtubi (1214–1273 CE, Sunni): Emphasizes prohibitions on killing innocents (women, children, monks); the verse applies to aggressive polytheists, with sieges and ambushes as wartime tactics, not indiscriminate violence. 21
  • Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209 CE, Sunni): Affirms safe conduct for polytheists seeking to hear the Quran (9:6), even if they remain unbelievers; interprets “repent” broadly as ceasing hostility, not forced belief. 22
  • Ibn Kathir (1301–1373 CE, Sunni): Labels it the “Ayah of the Sword,” abrogating prior treaties with idolaters; commands fighting Mushrikin (polytheists) wherever found, but only aggressors—capture, besiege, or ambush until they embrace Islam (repent, pray, pay zakah). Cites its use by Caliph Abu Bakr against apostates refusing zakah. 19
  • Al-Jalalayn (15th century, Sunni, by al-Mahalli and al-Suyuti): After the grace period, slay idolaters, capture, and ambush them; if they repent from unbelief, establish prayer, and pay alms, leave them free—Allah is merciful to repenters. 19
  • Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas (attributed to Ibn Abbas, 619–687 CE, but compiled later): Slay, capture, imprison, besiege, and ambush idolaters post-grace period; release if they repent from idolatry, worship, and pay poor-due. 19
  • Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350 CE, Sunni): No compulsion in religion; the Prophet fought only those who aggressed against Muslims. 22
  • Ibn al-Arabi al-Maliki (1165–1240 CE, Sunni): Fight only polytheists who fight back; not a blanket order. 22

Shia interpretations (e.g., from scholars like al-Tusi, 995–1067 CE) align closely with Sunni views on this verse, focusing on defensive warfare against treaty-breakers, though Shia tafsirs may emphasize justice under Imams.

Modern Interpretations

Modern scholars (19th-21st centuries) prioritize historical-critical methods, rejecting excessive abrogation and viewing 9:5 as strictly contextual—defensive against 7th-century aggressors, incompatible with modern blanket applications. They often reference international law and interfaith dialogue.

  • Abul Ala Maududi (1903–1979, Sunni fundamentalist): The “sacred months” refer to the four-month respite; repentance requires establishing salah and paying zakah to validate Islam. Cites Abu Bakr’s use against zakah refusers; grants protection to those seeking Islamic knowledge. 19
  • Shabir Ally (contemporary Canadian scholar): Not a general call to kill polytheists; context-specific to wartime treaty-breakers in Mecca. Classical abrogation overapplied—does not cancel peaceful verses like 60:8 (kindness to non-hostiles). Sequence implies ambush/capture first, killing as last resort; excludes People of the Book. 20
  • Asma Afsaruddin (contemporary academic): Applies only to pagan Arabs of the era; restricted by verses like 2:190 (no initiation), 2:193 (cease if they desist), and 60:8 (kindness to non-hostiles). Emphasizes protections for non-combatants and no coercion. 22
  • Muhammad Sa’id Ramadan al-Buti (1929–2013, Sunni): Fighting not for disbelief alone; read with 9:6-8 to avoid misinterpretation as aggression. 22
  • Academic Scholars (e.g., Patricia Crone, Nicolai Sinai, Gabriel Said Reynolds): “Repent, pray, and give alms” symbolizes general piety, not forced conversion; pre-Islamic terms for charity and prayer apply broadly. No collective punishment of innocents; critiques traditional tafsirs for unreliability, favoring Quranic internal evidence over sira (biographies). 23

Key Comparisons

  • Agreement: Both classical and modern scholars concur on the defensive, contextual nature—targeting treaty-breakers, protecting non-combatants, and offering mercy upon repentance. All reject forced conversion, citing 9:6 and 2:256. 23
  • Disagreement: Classical interpretations (e.g., Ibn Kathir) often apply abrogation broadly, seeing 9:5 as overriding peaceful verses and justifying offensive actions against idolaters. Modern ones (e.g., Shabir Ally) limit abrogation, viewing it as wartime-specific without contradicting coexistence principles. 20 Fundamentalists like Maududi emphasize extending Islamic influence through force if needed, while modernists stress peace and restrict to self-defense. 11
  • Sunni vs. Shia/Other: Minimal differences; Sunni tafsirs dominate sources, but Shia views (e.g., in Tafsir al-Mizan by Allamah Tabatabai) similarly contextualize it as just war against oppressors, with added emphasis on Imamate guidance.
  • Broad vs. Narrow: Fundamentalist readings (broad) allow application beyond the original context for jihad, while modernist/academic ones (narrow) see it as historical, irrelevant to modern interfaith relations. 11

Overall, scholarly consensus holds that 9:5 promotes justice in conflict, not hatred, with interpretations evolving to align with ethical and historical scrutiny. For deeper study, consult full tafsirs like those on quranx.com. 19