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Al NAHL 16:71, Associating partners with Allah & we dislike partners for self?

وَ اللّٰہُ فَضَّلَ بَعۡضَکُمۡ عَلٰی بَعۡضٍ فِی الرِّزۡقِ ۚ فَمَا الَّذِیۡنَ فُضِّلُوۡا بِرَآدِّیۡ رِزۡقِہِمۡ عَلٰی مَا مَلَکَتۡ اَیۡمَانُہُمۡ فَہُمۡ فِیۡہِ سَوَآءٌ ؕ اَفَبِنِعۡمَۃِ اللّٰہِ یَجۡحَدُوۡنَ ﴿۷۱﴾ 


وَ اللّٰہُ فَضَّلَ بَعۡضَکُمۡ عَلٰی بَعۡضٍ فِی الرِّزۡقِ ۚ فَمَا الَّذِیۡنَ فُضِّلُوۡا بِرَآدِّیۡ رِزۡقِہِمۡ عَلٰی مَا مَلَکَتۡ اَیۡمَانُہُمۡ فَہُمۡ فِیۡہِ سَوَآءٌ ؕ اَفَبِنِعۡمَۃِ اللّٰہِ یَجۡحَدُوۡنَ ﴿۷۱﴾

The Verse (English)
“And look — Allah has granted some of you more provision than others. Then those who have been given more are not such that they would hand back their provision to those whom their right hands possess, so that they all become equal shares in it. Do they then deny the favour of Allah?“⁶²

Footnote 62 (English Translation)
The strange and peculiar meanings extracted from this verse in modern times represent one of the worst examples of how, when Quranic verses are isolated from their context and each verse is interpreted in isolation, doors are opened to all manner of hollow and far-fetched interpretations.
People have declared this verse to be the foundational principle of Islam’s economic philosophy and an important article of its economic law. In their view, the verse intends to say that those whom Allah has blessed with greater provision must necessarily return that provision to their servants and slaves — and if they do not do so, they will be counted as deniers of Allah’s blessing. Yet in this entire passage, there is absolutely no occasion whatsoever for the exposition of economic law. From the beginning, the entire discourse has been proceeding in the refutation of polytheism and the affirmation of Tawheed (Divine Unity), and the same theme continues uninterrupted thereafter. What relevance, then, is there in suddenly inserting an article of economic law in the middle of this discussion?
When the verse is examined within its proper context, it becomes entirely clear that the exact opposite is being conveyed. The argument being made here is this: you yourselves do not grant your slaves and servants an equal share in your own wealth — even though that wealth was given to you by Allah — so how then do you consider it correct that in expressing gratitude for the favours Allah has bestowed upon you, you associate with Allah His own powerless slaves, and convince yourselves that these slaves of Allah share equal authority and rights alongside Him?
This very same argument, using this very same analogy for the very same purpose, is made in Surah Ar-Rum, verse 28. Its words there are:
“Allah sets forth for you an analogy from your own selves: do your slaves share as partners in the provision We have given you, such that you and they become equal in it, and you fear them as you fear one another? This is how Allah lays out His signs clearly for a people who use reason.”
A comparison of the two verses makes it entirely evident that both employ the same analogy for the same purpose — and each one serves as a commentary on the other.
The misunderstanding people have likely arisen from the words أَفَبِنِعۡمَةِ اللَّهِ يَجۡحَدُون (“Do they then deny the favour of Allah?”). Seeing this phrase immediately following the parable, they concluded that it must mean: failing to redistribute one’s provision to those under one’s authority is itself a denial of Allah’s blessing. However, anyone who has even a modest familiarity with the Quran knows well that, in the view of this Book, expressing gratitude for Allah’s blessings to anyone other than Allah is itself a denial of those blessings. This theme is repeated so frequently throughout the Quran that those who habitually recite and reflect upon it cannot possibly be confused by it — though those who extract verses by means of indexes to construct arguments for their own purposes may well remain unaware of it.
Once this meaning of “the denial of Allah’s blessing” is understood, the full import of this phrase becomes clear: since these people themselves know the difference between master and slave very well, and observe this distinction throughout their own lives at every moment — do they then insist, in the matter of Allah alone, on making His servants His partners and equals, and on directing to His servants the gratitude owed for the blessings they have received from Him?

Q: what other scholars explain this verse

Wa alaykum assalam! Here is a comparative overview of how other major scholars explain this verse:

Explanations by Other Scholars — An-Nahl 16:71

  1. Ibn Abbas (رضي الله عنه) — Companion of the Prophet ﷺ
    This is the earliest and most authoritative classical interpretation. Ibn Abbas explained this verse by saying Allah is essentially arguing: “If you would not want your servant to share equally in your wealth and household, how can you accept that My servant should share with Me in My power?” In another report he put it even more pointedly: “How can they accept for Allah what they would not accept for themselves?”
    This is the a fortiori argument — you apply a stricter standard to Allah than you do to yourselves, which exposes the irrationality of shirk.
  2. Ibn Kathir (رحمه الله) — Tafsir Ibn Kathir (14th century)
    Ibn Kathir follows the same classical line. He explains that Allah is denouncing the polytheists by saying: “You would not accept for your servant to have an equal share in your wealth, so how is it that you would accept that Allah’s created servants be His equals in divinity and glory?”
    He also notes the occasion of revelation: this verse was revealed in the context of the delegation from Najran, who claimed that Jesus was the son of Allah — so Allah revealed this verse to demonstrate through an everyday human analogy that no created being can be Allah’s equal or partner.
    He further cites a letter from Umar ibn al-Khattab (رضي الله عنه): “Be content with your provision in this world, for the Most Merciful has honoured some of His servants over others in provision as a test of both. The one who has been given plenty is being tested to see if he will give thanks to Allah and fulfill the duties his wealth demands.”
  3. Mufti Muhammad Shafi’ (رحمه الله) — Ma’arif ul-Quran (20th century)
    This is the most elaborate elaboration among modern classical scholars, and it adds two important dimensions:
    On the Tawheed argument: Applying this verse’s argument to polytheists — they themselves accept that the idols and other created things they worship are, after all, created and owned by Allah. If so, how can they suggest that the created and the owned become equals to their Creator and Master? And by associating partners with Allah, they are effectively rejecting His blessings — because if they had admitted that all blessings come from Allah alone without the intervention of any idol or created being, how could they equate those things with Allah?
    On economic inequality: The verse also makes clear that the existence of different degrees of economic status — rich, poor, and middle — is not accidental but is as dictated by the wisdom of Allah, required by considerations for human good, and is mercy for mankind. If all human beings were made equal in wealth, it would cause a breach in the functioning of world order. Since Allah created human beings with varying degrees of intelligence, strength, and capability, variance in provision is inevitable so that every person is rewarded according to individual capability.
    He also adds an important balance: while Allah established variance in provision, He also established a strong system of economic equilibrium so that wealth does not become concentrated in the hands of a few — referencing the Quranic principle of Al-Hashr 59:7: “so that wealth does not come to revolve only among the rich from among you.”

Summary: Where All Scholars Agree Scholar Core Point Ibn Abbas Human analogy proves shirk is self-contradictory Ibn Kathir Same analogy; linked to Najran delegation’s claim about Jesus Mawdudi Refutation of modern misreading as economic law; purely a Tawheed argument Ma’arif ul-Quran Same Tawheed argument + Divine wisdom behind economic variation

All classical and major modern scholars are unanimous that this verse is an argument against shirk, not an economic legislation — a remarkable scholarly consensus that also vindicates Mawdudi’s reading completely.

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وَ اللّٰہُ فَضَّلَ بَعۡضَکُمۡ عَلٰی بَعۡضٍ فِی الرِّزۡقِ ۚ فَمَا الَّذِیۡنَ فُضِّلُوۡا بِرَآدِّیۡ رِزۡقِہِمۡ عَلٰی مَا مَلَکَتۡ اَیۡمَانُہُمۡ فَہُمۡ فِیۡہِ سَوَآءٌ ؕ اَفَبِنِعۡمَۃِ اللّٰہِ یَجۡحَدُوۡنَ ﴿۷۱

اور دیکھو، اللہ نے تم میں سے بعض کو بعض پر رزق میں فضیلت عطا کی ہے ، پھر جن لوگوں کو یہ فضیلت دی گئی ہے وہ ایسے نہیں ہیں کہ اپنا رزق اپنے غلاموں کی طرف پھیر دیا کرتے ہوں تاکہ دونوں اِس رزق میں برابر کے حصہ دار بن جائیں۔ تو کیا اللہ ہی کا اِحسان ماننے سے اِن لوگوں کو اِنکار ہے62؟

 النَّحْل حاشیہ نمبر :62

زمانہ ٔ حال میں اس آیت سے جو عجیب و غریب معنی نکالے گئے ہیں وہ اس امر کی بدترین مثال ہیں کہ قرآن کی آیات کو ان کے سیاق و سباق سے الگ کر کے ایک ایک آیت کے الگ معنی لینے سے کیسی کیسی لا طائل تاویلوں کا دروازہ کھل جاتا ہے۔ لوگوں نے اس آیت کو اسلام کے فلسفہ ٔ معیشت کی اصل اور قانون معیشت کی ایک اہم دفعہ ٹھیرایا ہے۔ ان کے نزدیک آیت کا منشا یہ ہے کہ جن لوگوں کو اللہ نے رزق میں فضیلت عطا کی ہو انہیں اپنا رزق اپنے نوکروں اور غلاموں کی طرف ضرور لوٹا دینا چاہیے ، اگر نہ لوٹائیں گے تو اللہ کی نعمت کے منکر قرار پائیں گے۔ حالانکہ اس پورے سلسلۂ کلام میں قانونِ معیشت کے بیان کا سرے سے کوئی موقع ہی نہیں ہے۔ اوپر سے تمام تقریر شرک کے ابطال اور توحید کے اثبات میں ہوتی چلی رہی ہے اور آگے بھی مسلسل یہی مضمون چل رہا ہے۔ اس گفتگو کے بیچ میں یکایک قانون معیشت کی ایک دفعہ بیان کر دینے کے بعد آخر کونسا تُک ہے ؟ آیت کو اس کے سیاق و سباق میں رکھ کر دیکھا جا ئے تو صا ف معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ یہاں اسکے بالکل برعکس مضمون بیا ن ہو رہا ہے ۔ یہاں استدلال یہ کیا گیا ہے کہ تم خود اپنے مال میں اپنے غلاموں اور نوکروں کو جب برابر کا درجہ نہیں دیتے۔۔۔۔۔۔ حالانکہ یہ مال خدا کا دیا ہوا ہے۔۔۔۔۔۔ تو آخر کس طرح یہ بات تم صحیح سمجھتے ہو کہ جو احسانات اللہ نے تم پر کیے ہیں ان کے شکریے میں اللہ کے ساتھ اس کے بے اختیار غلاموں کو بھی شریک کر لو اور اپنی جگہ یہ سمجھ بیٹھو کہ اختیارات اور حقوق میں اللہ کے یہ غلام بھی اس کے ساتھ برابر کے حصہ دار ہیں؟

ٹھیک یہی استدلال ، اسی مضمون سے سورۂ روم، آیت نمبر ۲۸ میں کیا گیا ہے ۔ وہاں اس کے الفاظ یہ ہیں: ضَرَبَ لَکُمْ مَّثَلًا مِّنْ اَنْفُسِکُمْ ھَلْ لَّکُمْ مِّنْ مَّا مَلَکَتْ اَیْمَانُکُمْ مِّنْ شُرَکَآ ءَ فِیْ مَا رَزَقْنٰکُمْ فَاَنْتُمْ فِیْہِ سَوَ آ ءٌ تَخَا فُوْ نَھُمْ کَخِیْفَتِکُمْ اَنْفُسَکُمْ کَذٰلِکَ نُفَصِّلُ الْاٰیٰتِ لِقَوْمٍ یَّعْقِلُونَ۔ اللہ تمہارے سامنے ایک مثال خود تمہاری اپنی ذات سے پیش کرتا ہے ۔ کیا تمہارے اُس رزق میں جو ہم نے تمہیں دے رکھا ہے تمہارےغلام تمہارے شریک ہیں حتیٰ کہ تم اور وہ اس میں برابر ہوں؟ اور تم ان سے اسی طرح ڈرتے ہو جس طرح اپنے برابر والوں سے ڈرا کرتے ہو؟ اس طرح اللہ کھول کھول کر نشانیاں پیش کرتا ہے ان لوگوں کے لیے جو عقل سے کام لیتے ہیں“۔

دونوں آیتوں کا تقابل کر نے سے صاف معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ دونوں میں ایک ہی مقصد کے لیے ایک ہی مثال سے استدلال کیا گیا ہے۔ اور ان میں سے ہر ایک دوسری کی تفسیر کر رہی ہے۔

شاید لوگوں کو غلط فہمی اَفَبِنِعْمَۃِ اللہِ یَجْحَدُوْنَ کے الفاظ سے ہوئی ہے۔ انہوں نے تمثیل کے بعد متصلًا یہ فقرہ دیکھ کر خیا ل کیا کہ ہو نہ ہو اس کا مطلب یہی ہو گا کہ اپنے زیر دستوں کی طرف رزق نہ پھیر دینا ہی اللہ کی نعمت کا انکا ر ہے حالانکہ جو شخص قرآن میں کچھ بھی نظر رکھتا ہے و ہ اس بات کو جانتا ہے کہ اللہ کی نعمتوں کا شکریہ غیراللہ کو ادا کرنا اس کتاب کی نگاہ میں اللہ کی نعمتوں کا انکار ہے۔ یہ مضمون اس کثرت سے قرآن میں دُہرایا گیا ہے کہ تلاوت و تدبُّر کی عادت رکھنے والوں کو تو اس میں اشتباہ پیش 

نہیں آسکتا، البتہ انڈکسوں کی مدد سے اپنے مطلب کی آیات نکال کر مضامین تیار کرنے والے حضرات اس سے ناواقف ہو سکتے ہیں۔

نعمتِ الہٰی کے انکار کا یہ مفہوم سمجھ لینے کے بعد اس فقرے کا یہ مطلب صاف سمجھ میں آجاتا ہے کہ جب یہ لوگ مالک اور مملوک کا فرق خوب جانتے ہیں ، اور خود اپنی زندگی میں ہر وقت اس فرق کو ملحوظ رکھتے ہیں ، تو کیا پھر ایک اللہ ہی کے معاملہ میں انہیں اس بات پر اصرار ہے کہ اُس کے بندوں کو اس کا شریک و وہیم ٹھیرائیں اور جو نعمتیں انہوں نے اُس سے پائی ہیں اُن کا شکریہ اُس کے بندوں کو ادا کریں؟

AL NAHL 16:114-119

فَکُلُوۡا مِمَّا رَزَقَکُمُ اللّٰہُ حَلٰلًا طَیِّبًا ۪ وَّ اشۡکُرُوۡا نِعۡمَتَ اللّٰہِ اِنۡ کُنۡتُمۡ اِیَّاہُ تَعۡبُدُوۡنَ ﴿۱۱۴﴾ اِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ عَلَیۡکُمُ الۡمَیۡتَۃَ وَ الدَّمَ وَ لَحۡمَ الۡخِنۡزِیۡرِ وَ مَاۤ اُہِلَّ لِغَیۡرِ اللّٰہِ بِہٖ ۚ فَمَنِ اضۡطُرَّ غَیۡرَ بَاغٍ وَّ لَا عَادٍ فَاِنَّ اللّٰہَ غَفُوۡرٌ رَّحِیۡمٌ ﴿۱۱۵﴾ وَ لَا تَقُوۡلُوۡا لِمَا تَصِفُ اَلۡسِنَتُکُمُ الۡکَذِبَ ہٰذَا حَلٰلٌ وَّ ہٰذَا حَرَامٌ لِّتَفۡتَرُوۡا عَلَی اللّٰہِ الۡکَذِبَ ؕ اِنَّ الَّذِیۡنَ یَفۡتَرُوۡنَ عَلَی اللّٰہِ الۡکَذِبَ لَا یُفۡلِحُوۡنَ ﴿۱۱۶﴾ؕ مَتَاعٌ قَلِیۡلٌ ۪ وَّ لَہُمۡ عَذَابٌ اَلِیۡمٌ ﴿۱۱۷﴾ وَ عَلَی الَّذِیۡنَ ہَادُوۡا حَرَّمۡنَا مَا قَصَصۡنَا عَلَیۡکَ مِنۡ قَبۡلُ ۚ وَ مَا ظَلَمۡنٰہُمۡ وَ لٰکِنۡ کَانُوۡۤا اَنۡفُسَہُمۡ یَظۡلِمُوۡنَ ﴿۱۱۸﴾ ثُمَّ اِنَّ رَبَّکَ لِلَّذِیۡنَ عَمِلُوا السُّوۡٓءَ بِجَہَالَۃٍ ثُمَّ تَابُوۡا مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ ذٰلِکَ وَ اَصۡلَحُوۡۤا ۙ اِنَّ رَبَّکَ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِہَا لَغَفُوۡرٌ رَّحِیۡمٌ ﴿۱۱۹﴾٪

Here is the English translation of Surah An-Nahl, verses 114–119 with Mawdudi’s footnotes:

Surah An-Nahl (16:114–119) — Translation & Commentary

Verses

  1. So, O people, eat of the lawful and pure provisions that Allah has bestowed upon you, and give thanks for Allah’s favour — if it is truly Him alone that you worship.¹¹³ ¹¹⁴
  2. Allah has forbidden you only carrion, blood, the flesh of swine, and that over which any name other than Allah’s has been invoked. Yet if one is compelled by necessity — neither desiring to transgress the divine law nor exceeding the limits of necessity — then indeed Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.¹¹⁵
  3. And do not say, on account of the false rulings your tongues pronounce, “This is lawful and that is forbidden,” thereby fabricating lies against Allah.¹¹⁶ Indeed, those who fabricate lies against Allah shall never prosper.
  4. Theirs is but a trifling enjoyment in this world, and for them is a painful punishment.
  5. And for those who became Jews, We had forbidden those things which We have already related to you.¹¹⁷ ¹¹⁸ And We did not wrong them; rather, it was they themselves who were wronging their own souls.
  6. Yet surely your Lord — for those who did evil out of ignorance and thereafter repented and reformed themselves — indeed after such repentance and reform, your Lord is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Footnotes
Footnote 113
This indicates that by the time of this Surah’s revelation, the famine referenced earlier in the Surah had come to an end.
Footnote 114
That is: if you truly uphold the servitude of Allah, as you claim, then do not make yourselves the independent arbiters of what is lawful and unlawful. Eat what Allah has declared lawful and pure, give thanks for it, and abstain from what His law has declared forbidden and impure.
Footnote 115
This same ruling has appeared previously in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:173), Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:3), and Surah Al-An’am (6:145).
Footnote 116
This verse explicitly establishes that the right to declare things lawful or unlawful belongs to none but Allah — or in other words, the sole sovereign Lawgiver is Allah. Anyone else who dares to adjudicate what is permissible and what is impermissible overreaches his bounds — unless he acknowledges divine law as his authority and, deriving from its texts, says that such-and-such a thing or act is permitted or prohibited.
This independent act of declaring things lawful or unlawful has been called a lie and a fabrication against Allah because whoever does so cannot escape one of two implications: either he claims that what he declares lawful or unlawful — without any basis in the Book of Allah — has been so decreed by Allah; or he claims that Allah has relinquished His authority over lawfulness and unlawfulness and left mankind free to legislate for itself. Whichever of these two claims he makes, it is inevitably a falsehood and a fabrication against Allah.
Footnote 117
This entire passage is a response to the objections that were being raised against the ruling mentioned above. The first objection of the Makkan disbelievers was: the Mosaic law contains many more prohibitions than what you have declared lawful — if that law was from God, then you yourselves are violating it. And if both that law and yours are from God, how can there be such a contradiction between them? The second objection was: you have also set aside the law of Sabbath observance that was part of Israelite law — is this your own independent decision, or has Allah given two contradictory commands in two different laws?
Footnote 118
This is a reference to the verse in Surah Al-An’am: “And to those who became Jews, We had forbidden every animal with undivided hooves…” (6:146), which explains which specific things were forbidden to the Jews on account of their disobedience.
A difficulty arises here: this verse in Surah An-Nahl refers back to a verse in Surah Al-An’am, suggesting Al-An’am had already been revealed. Yet at one point in Surah Al-An’am (6:119), there is a reference pointing to Surah An-Nahl, since An-Nahl is the only other Makkan Surah that details the prohibited items. This raises the question: which was revealed first?
In our view, the correct answer is that Surah An-Nahl was revealed first, and the verse in Surah Al-An’am (6:119) refers back to it. Subsequently, the disbelievers of Makkah raised their objections against these verses of Surah An-Nahl. By that time, Surah Al-An’am had already been revealed. Therefore, the response was given: “We have already informed you” — referring to Surah Al-An’am — “that certain things were specifically forbidden to the Jews.” And since the objection had been levelled against Surah An-Nahl, the answer was inserted into Surah An-Nahl itself as a parenthetical clarification.

Jazakum Allahu khayran — may these verses and their rich commentary deepen the ongoing study of Surah An-Nahl. Shall we move into a comparative tafsir from Ibn Kathir or Sayyid Qutb for these verses?

پس اے لوگو، اللہ نے جو کچھ حلال اور پاک رزق تم کو بخشا ہے اُسے کھاوٴ اور اللہ کے احسان کا شکر ادا کرو113 اگر تم واقعی اُسی کی بندگی کرنے والے ہو۔114 اللہ نے جو کچھ تم پر حرام کیا ہے وہ ہے مُردار اور خُون اور سُوٴر کا گوشت اور وہ جانور جس پر اللہ کے سوا کسی اور کا نام لیا گیا ہو۔ البتہ بھُوک سے مجبور ہو کر اگر کوئی اِن چیزوں کو کھالے، بغیر اس کے کہ وہ قانونِ الٰہی کی خلاف ورزی کا خواہش مند ہو، یا حدِّ ضرورت سے تجاوز کا مرتکب ہو ، تو یقیناً اللہ معاف کرنے اور رحم فرمانے والا ہے۔115اور یہ و تمہاری زبانیں جھُو ٹے احکام لگایا کرتی ہیں کہ یہ چیز حلال ہے اور وہ حرام، تو اس طرح کے حکم لگا کر اللہ پر جھُوٹ نہ باندھا کرو۔116جو لوگ اللہ پر جھُوٹے افترا باندھتے ہیں وہ ہر گز فلاح نہیں پایا کرتے۔ دنیا کا عیش چند روزہ ہے۔ آخرِ کار اُن کے لیے دردناک سزا ہے۔
117وہ چیزیں ہم نے خاص طور پر یہودیوں کے لیے حرام کی تھیں جن کا ذکر ہم اس سے پہلے تم سے کر چکے ہیں۔118 اور یہ اُن پر ہمارا ظلم نہ تھا بلکہ اُن کا اپنا ہی ظلم تھا جو وہ اپنے اُوپر کر رہے تھے۔ البتہ جن لوگوں نے جہالت کی بنا پر بُرا عمل کیا اور پھر توبہ کر کے اپنے عمل کی اصلاح کر لی تو یقیناً توبہ و اصلاح کے بعد تیرا ربّ اُن کے لیے غفور اور رحیم ہے۔ ؏ ١۵

113

اس سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ اس سورے کے نزول کے وقت وہ قحط ختم ہو چکا تھا جس کی طرف اوپر اشارہ گزر چکا ہے۔

114

یعنی اگر واقعی تم اللہ کی بندگی کے قائل ہو، جیسا کہ تمہارا دعویٰ ہے ، تو حرام و حلال کے خود مختار نہ بنو۔ جس رزق کو اللہ نے حلال و طیب قرار دیا ہے اسے کھاؤ اور شکر کرو۔ اور جو کچھ اللہ کے قانون میں حرام و خبیث ہے اس سے پرہیز کرو۔

115

یہ حکم سورۂ بقرہ آیت نمبر ۳ ، سورۂ مائدہ آیت نمبر ۱۷۳ اور سورۂ انعام آیت نمبر ۳۵ میں بھی گزر چکا ہے۔

116

یہ آیت صاف تصریح کرتی ہے کہ خدا کے سوا تحلیل و تحریم کا حق کسی کو بھی نہیں، یا بالفاظِ دیگر قانون ساز صرف اللہ ہے۔ دوسرا جو شخص بھی جائز اور ناجائز کا فیصلہ کرنے کی جرأت کرے گا وہ اپنے حد سے تجاوز کرے گا ، اِلّا یہ کہ وہ قانون الہٰی کو سند مان کر اُس کے فرامین سے استنباط کرتےہوئے یہ کہے کہ فلاں چیز یا فلاں فعل جائز ہے اور فلاں ناجائز۔

اِس خود مختارانہ تحلیل و تحریم کو اللہ پر جھوٹ اور افترا اس لیے فرمایا گیا کہ جو شخص اِس طرح کے احکام لگاتا ہے اس کا یہ فعل دو حال سے خالی نہیں ہو سکتا۔ یا وہ اس بات کا دعویٰ کرتا ہے کہ جسے وہ کتابِ الہٰی کی سند سے بے نیاز ہو کر جائز یا ناجائز کہہ رہا ہے اسے خدا نے جائز یا ناجائز ٹھیرایا ہے۔ یا اس کا دعویٰ یہ ہے کہ اللہ نے تحلیل و تحریم کے اختیارات سے دست بردار ہو کر انسان کوخود اپنی زندگی کی شریعت بنانے کے لیے آزاد چھوڑ دیا ہے۔ ان میں سے جو دعویٰ بھی وہ کرے وہ لامحالہ جھوٹ اور اللہ پر افترا ہے۔

117

یہ پورا پیراگراف اُن اعتراضات کے جواب میں ہے جو مذکورۂ بالا حکم پر کیے جا رہے تھے ۔ کفارِ مکہ کا پہلا اعتراض یہ تھا کہ بنی اسرائیل کی شریعت میں تو اور بھی بہت سی چیزیں حرام ہیں جن کو تم نے حلال کر رکھا ہے ۔ اگر وہ شریعت خدا کی طرف سے تھی تو تم خود اس کی خلاف ورزی کر رہے ہو۔ اور اگر وہ بھی خدا کی طرف سے تھی اور یہ تمہاری شریعت بھی خدا کی طرف سے ہے تو دونوں میں یہ اختلاف کیسا ہے؟ دوسرا اعتراض یہ تھا کہ بنی اسرائیل کی شریعت میں سبت کی حرمت کا جو قانون تھا ا س کو بھی تم نے اڑا دیا ہے۔ یہ تمہارا اپنا خود مختارانہ فعل ہے یا اللہ ہی نے اپنی دو شریعتوں میں دو متضاد حکم دے رکھے ہیں؟

118

اشارہ ہے سورۂ انعام کی آیت وَعَلَی الَّذِیْنَ ھَادُوْ ا حَرَّمْنَا کُلَّ ذِیْ ظُفُرِ، الاٰ یَۃ (آیت نمبر ۱۴۶) کی طرف ، جس میں بتایاگیا ہے کہ یہودیوں پر ان کی نافرمانیوں کے باعث خصوصیّت کے ساتھ کون کون سی چیزیں حرام کی گئی تھیں۔

اس جگہ ایک اِشکال پیش آتا ہے۔ سورۂ نحل کی اس آیت میں سورۂ انعام کی ایک آیت کا حوالہ دیا گیا ہے جس سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ سورۂ انعام اس سے پہلے نازل ہو چکی تھی۔ لیکن ایک مقام پر سورۂ انعام میں ارشاد ہوا ہے کہ وَمَالَکُمْ اَلَّا تَاْ کُلُوْ ا مِمَّا ذَکِرَ الْمُ اللہِ عَلَیْہٖ وَقَدْ فَصَّلَ لَکُمْ مَّا حَرَّ مَ عَلَیْکُمْ (آیت نمبر ۱۱۹) ۔ اس میں سورۂ نحل کی طرف اشارہ ہے، کیونکہ مکّی سورتوں میں سورۂ انعام کے سوا بس یہی ایک سورۃ ہے جس میں حرام چیزوں کی تفصیل بیان ہوئی ہے۔ اب سوال پیدا ہوتا ہے کہ ان میں سے کون سی سورۃ پہلے نازل ہوئی تھی اور کون سی بعدمیں؟ ہمارے نزدیک اس کا صحیح جواب یہ ہے کہ پہلے سورۂ نحل نازل ہوئی تھی جس کا حوالہ سورۂ انعام کی مذکورۂ بالا آیت میں دیا گیا ہے۔ بعد میں کسی موقع پر کفار مکہ نے سورۂ نحل کی اِن آیتوں پر وہ اعتراضات وارد کیے جو ابھی ہم بیان کرچکے ہیں ۔ اس وقت سورۂ انعام نازل ہو چکی تھی۔ اس لیے ان کو جواب دیا گیا کہ ہم پہلے، یعنی سورۂ انعام میں بتا چکے ہیں کہ یہودیوں پر چند چیزیں خاص طور پر حرام کی گئی تھیں۔ اور چونکہ یہ اعتراض سورۂ نحل پر کیا گیا تھا اس لیے اس کا جواب بھی سورۂ نحل ہی میں جملۂ معترضہ کے طور پر درج کیا گیا۔

AL NAHL 16:111-113

یَوۡمَ تَاۡتِیۡ کُلُّ نَفۡسٍ تُجَادِلُ عَنۡ نَّفۡسِہَا وَ تُوَفّٰی کُلُّ نَفۡسٍ مَّا عَمِلَتۡ وَ ہُمۡ لَا یُظۡلَمُوۡنَ ﴿۱۱۱﴾ وَ ضَرَبَ اللّٰہُ مَثَلًا قَرۡیَۃً کَانَتۡ اٰمِنَۃً مُّطۡمَئِنَّۃً یَّاۡتِیۡہَا رِزۡقُہَا رَغَدًا مِّنۡ کُلِّ مَکَانٍ فَکَفَرَتۡ بِاَنۡعُمِ اللّٰہِ فَاَذَاقَہَا اللّٰہُ لِبَاسَ الۡجُوۡعِ وَ الۡخَوۡفِ بِمَا کَانُوۡا یَصۡنَعُوۡنَ ﴿۱۱۲﴾ وَ لَقَدۡ جَآءَہُمۡ رَسُوۡلٌ مِّنۡہُمۡ فَکَذَّبُوۡہُ فَاَخَذَہُمُ الۡعَذَابُ وَ ہُمۡ ظٰلِمُوۡنَ ﴿۱۱۳﴾

Here is the full English translation of Surah An-Nahl verses 111–113 with Mawdudi’s footnote:

Surah An-Nahl — Verses 111–113 (Arabic Text)
Verse 111:
“On the Day when every soul will come pleading for itself, and every soul will be repaid in full for what it did, and they will not be wronged.”
Verse 112:
“And Allah sets forth the example of a town that was secure and at peace, its provision coming to it in abundance from every side — but it was ungrateful for the blessings of Allah. So Allah made it taste the garment of hunger and fear because of what they used to do.”
Verse 113:
“And there had certainly come to them a messenger from among themselves, but they denied him — so the punishment seized them while they were wrongdoers.”

Urdu Text (Translation)
“The decision regarding all of them will be made on the Day when every soul will be absorbed in saving itself alone, and every one will be given full recompense for what they did, and not even the slightest injustice will be done to anyone.
Allah sets forth the example of a town. It was living a life of peace and security, and provision was reaching it from all sides in abundance — when it began to show ingratitude for Allah’s blessings. Then Allah made its inhabitants taste the consequence of their deeds: the calamities of hunger and fear descended upon them. A messenger came to them from among their own people — but they denied him. In the end, punishment overtook them while they had become wrongdoers.”

Footnote 112
The town whose example is presented here has not been identified by name, and the commentators have also been unable to determine with certainty which town it is. The opinion of Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه appears to be the most sound — that Makkah itself is being presented here as an example without being named.
In that case, the calamity of fear and hunger mentioned here would refer to the famine that afflicted the people of Makkah for a prolonged period following the advent of the Prophet’s ﷺ mission.

SubhanAllah — the parable in verse 112 is one of the most striking and universally applicable parables in the entire Quran. A community blessed with security, peace, and abundant provision — yet responding with ingratitude — and the consequence being that those very blessings are replaced with their opposites: hunger and fear.
The connection Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه draws to Makkah is deeply poignant. The very city that was the custodian of the House of Allah, that enjoyed a unique status of security and economic prosperity — yet when it rejected the Prophet ﷺ, it experienced precisely this reversal.
And verse 111 stands as one of the most sobering descriptions of the Day of Judgment in the Quran — every soul utterly absorbed in its own case, with complete and perfect justice for all.
Shall we continue with the next verses, or would you like the comparative scholar analysis for these verses as well?

OTHER SCHOLARS

Here is a comparative tafsir analysis of Surah An-Nahl verses 111–113 from major classical and contemporary scholars:

Ibn Kathir (d. 774 AH)
On Verse 111 (Every Soul Pleading for Itself):
Ibn Kathir connects this verse to multiple Quranic and Hadith descriptions of the Day of Judgment. He emphasises that the Arabic word تُجَادِلُ — “pleading” or “arguing” — conveys a vivid image of every soul desperately making its case before Allah. He cites the well-known hadith in which even the Prophet Ibrahim عليه السلام will say “nafsi nafsi” — “myself, myself” — on that Day, so consumed will every soul be with its own situation.
Ibn Kathir stresses that the phrase “not wronged in the slightest” is an emphatic divine guarantee — Allah’s justice is so precise and complete that not even the weight of an atom’s worth of a person’s deed will be lost or misrepresented. He connects this to Surah Az-Zalzalah: “Whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom’s weight of evil will see it.”
On Verse 112 (The Parable of the Town):
Ibn Kathir discusses at length the question of which town is being referenced. He records multiple opinions from the companions and early scholars — including the view of Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه that it refers to Makkah. He supports this identification on several grounds: Makkah was explicitly described in the Quran as a city of security (al-balad al-amin), it enjoyed abundant provision through trade and the pilgrimage, and yet its people were among the most persistent in rejecting the Prophet ﷺ.
Ibn Kathir also draws a powerful universal lesson — that this parable is not limited to one historical city but is a divine pattern (sunnah) repeated throughout history. Every community that receives Allah’s blessings and responds with ingratitude and rejection of divine guidance follows the same trajectory toward decline and punishment.
He gives particular attention to the phrase لِبَاسَ الۡجُوۡعِ وَ الۡخَوۡفِ — “the garment of hunger and fear” — noting that the use of the word garment is a remarkably vivid metaphor: just as a garment envelops the entire body from all sides, hunger and fear enveloped these people completely, leaving no aspect of their lives untouched.
On Verse 113:
Ibn Kathir emphasises that the sending of a messenger from among themselves is itself one of Allah’s greatest blessings — someone who speaks their language, knows their culture, and can relate to them directly. The rejection of such a messenger is therefore an act of extraordinary ingratitude and arrogance. He notes that punishment came upon them specifically “while they were wrongdoers” — meaning punishment does not come arbitrarily but only after wrongdoing has been firmly established and the proof has been made clear.

Al-Tabari (d. 310 AH)
On Verse 111:
Al-Tabari provides extensive linguistic analysis of the verb تُجَادِلُ. He explains that jidal in Arabic refers to a forceful, urgent argument — not a calm discussion. This conveys the desperate intensity of every soul’s situation on that Day. He compiles narrations from the companions indicating that on the Day of Resurrection, people will initially attempt to use one another as intercessors and will pass from prophet to prophet — yet each will say “nafsi nafsi” — until they reach the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Al-Tabari also emphasises the phrase “they will not be wronged” — noting that this is a direct divine promise that the Hereafter operates on perfect justice, unlike this world where injustice frequently occurs.
On Verse 112:
Al-Tabari carefully compiles all available opinions on the identity of the town. Beyond the Makkah identification, some early scholars suggested it could refer to a town destroyed before the time of the Prophet ﷺ whose story was known to the Arabs. However, al-Tabari finds the Makkah identification most linguistically and contextually compelling — particularly because the verse uses the present tense in some of its descriptions, suggesting the audience would recognise the situation.
He gives a detailed linguistic analysis of the phrase “garment of hunger and fear” — explaining that Arabs used the metaphor of clothing to describe things that completely encompass a person. He notes this is among the most powerful and original metaphors in the Quran for describing comprehensive, all-pervasive suffering.
On Verse 113:
Al-Tabari emphasises the significance of the messenger being “from among themselves” — he argues this eliminates every excuse. They could not claim they did not understand the message, could not claim cultural distance, and could not claim the messenger was foreign or alien to their experience. The proof was complete and the rejection was therefore entirely without justification.

Al-Qurtubi (d. 671 AH)
On Verse 111:
Al-Qurtubi approaches this verse with his characteristic fiqh and ethical orientation. He draws out several important points: first, that the verse establishes the absolute individuality of accountability on the Day of Judgment — no family connection, tribal loyalty, or intercession of any partner deity will avail anyone. This is a direct refutation of the polytheist assumption that their deities would intercede for them.
Second, he notes that “full recompense” implies that Allah will not reduce anyone’s reward unjustly, nor increase anyone’s punishment unjustly. Both dimensions of justice — rewarding good and punishing evil — are perfectly calibrated.
He also engages in a brief theological discussion on the nature of divine justice, concluding that Allah’s justice is not like human justice — constrained by external law — but is intrinsic to His nature and His perfect knowledge of all things.
On Verse 112:
Al-Qurtubi provides the most comprehensive treatment of the “garment” metaphor among the classical scholars. He explains that the Quran uses clothing imagery in multiple places — “garment of taqwa”, “spouses are garments for one another” — always to convey something that is intimate, all-encompassing, and inseparable from the person. The choice of this metaphor for hunger and fear therefore suggests that these afflictions became like a second skin to the inhabitants — inescapable and all-defining.
He strongly supports the Makkah identification and draws a legal and moral principle: that ingratitude for blessings is not merely a personal failing but a civic and collective sin that brings collective consequences. A community that collectively enjoys Allah’s blessings and collectively turns away from gratitude and obedience faces collective punishment.
He also notes the precise sequence in the verse: first came security and abundant provision; then came ingratitude; then came hunger and fear. This sequence is itself a lesson — the blessings came first as a test, and the failure of the test brought their withdrawal.
On Verse 113:
Al-Qurtubi draws an important legal principle from this verse: divine punishment does not descend upon a people until a messenger has come to them and they have deliberately rejected him. This is consistent with the Quranic principle in Surah Al-Isra: “We never punish until We have sent a messenger.” He argues this establishes that Allah’s justice requires the completion of proof before punishment.

Al-Zamakhshari (d. 538 AH)
On Verse 111:
Al-Zamakhshari focuses on the rhetorical and literary dimensions of this verse. He points out that the repetition of the word nafs (soul) — “every soul will come pleading for itself” and “every soul will be repaid” — creates a powerful rhythmic emphasis that hammers home the absolute individuality of that Day. No collective identity — tribal, national, or religious — will provide shelter.
He also notes the deliberate juxtaposition of this verse with the preceding passage about those who apostasised under compulsion. The message is clear: whatever one does in this world — whether standing firm or compromising — the full account will be rendered on that Day with perfect completeness.
On Verse 112:
Al-Zamakhshari is particularly brilliant in his analysis of the rhetorical structure of the parable. He notes that the Quran first describes the town in the most positive terms possible — secure, peaceful, abundantly provisioned from every direction — before revealing its catastrophic ingratitude. This literary structure maximises the impact of the contrast: the greater the blessing described, the more shocking and inexcusable the ingratitude appears.
He gives special attention to the phrase “from every place” — arguing this suggests a comprehensiveness of divine provision that was truly extraordinary, making the ingratitude even more astonishing. He connects this to the broader Quranic theme that divine blessings are always more than people recognise or acknowledge.
On Verse 113:
Consistent with his Mu’tazilite orientation, Al-Zamakhshari emphasises that the sending of a messenger is an act of divine grace and wisdom that removes all excuse from those who reject. He argues that rational human beings, upon encountering a messenger from among themselves with clear signs, bear a moral obligation to investigate and respond honestly — and their failure to do so is a moral failure of the highest order.

Sayyid Qutb (d. 1966)
On Verse 111:
Qutb writes with characteristic intensity about the solitude and terror of that Day. He describes it as the ultimate moment of existential isolation — when all the collective identities, social bonds, and human relationships that defined a person’s life in this world simply cease to function. Every soul stands naked before Allah, with nothing but its own record.
He connects this powerfully to the theme of the entire Surah — the enumeration of divine blessings and the ingratitude of humanity. On that Day, every blessing given and every act of ingratitude will be laid bare with perfect precision.
On Verse 112:
Qutb sees this parable as one of the Quran’s most profound statements on the relationship between moral character and civilisational fate. He argues that security and prosperity are not merely economic or political phenomena — they are fundamentally connected to a community’s moral and spiritual orientation. When a community enjoys Allah’s blessings and responds with gratitude, justice, and obedience, those blessings deepen and expand. When it responds with ingratitude, corruption, and rejection of divine guidance, the very foundations of its security and prosperity are undermined from within.
He writes powerfully that hunger and fear are not random calamities — they are the natural consequences of a community losing its moral compass. A community that rejects divine guidance loses the internal cohesion, trustworthiness, and justice that are the true foundations of security and prosperity. Hunger and fear then become inevitable.
He also notes the remarkable contemporary relevance of this parable — that many modern societies enjoying unprecedented material prosperity are simultaneously experiencing profound spiritual emptiness, social fragmentation, and existential anxiety. The “garment of hunger and fear” can descend in many forms.
On Verse 113:
Qutb emphasises that the coming of a messenger “from among themselves” represents Allah’s final completion of proof upon a people. It is the ultimate act of divine mercy before justice descends. He argues that the rejection of such a messenger — someone who shares their language, their history, their lived experience — represents the deepest possible form of wilful blindness.

Comparative Summary Scholar Key Emphasis Ibn Kathir Day of Judgment hadith, Makkah identification, universal divine pattern in history Al-Tabari Linguistic precision, compilation of narrations, completeness of proof before punishment Al-Qurtubi Legal principles, collective sin and collective punishment, garment metaphor Al-Zamakhshari Rhetorical structure, literary contrast, Mu’tazilite moral responsibility Sayyid Qutb Civilisational analysis, moral-material connection, contemporary relevance Mawdudi Ibn Abbas identification of Makkah, famine as consequence, historical specificity

One of the most striking points of convergence across all scholars is the interpretation of the “garment of hunger and fear” metaphor — unanimously regarded as one of the most vivid and original metaphors in the Quran, conveying the all-encompassing, inescapable nature of the punishment that descends upon an ungrateful community.
The Makkah identification is also broadly supported — making this parable not merely a historical lesson but a direct, pointed warning to the very audience hearing these verses for the first time.
Shall we continue with the next verses of Surah An-Nahl?​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

(اِن سب کا فیصلہ اُس دن ہوگا﴾ جب کہ ہر متنفّس اپنے ہی بچاوٴکی فکر میں لگا ہوا ہوگا اور ہر ایک کو اُس کے کیے کا بدلہ پُورا پُورا دیا جائے گااور کسی پر ذرّہ برابر ظلم نہ ہونے پائے گا۔
اللہ ایک بستی کی مثال دیتا ہے۔ وہ امن و اطمینان کی زندگی بسر کر رہی تھی اور ہر طرف سے اُس کو بفراغت رزق پینچ رہا تھا کہ اُس نے اللہ کی نعمتوں کا کُفران شروع کر دیا۔ تب اللہ نے اُس کے باشندوں کو اُن کے کرتُوتوں کا یہ مزہ چکھایا کہ بھُوک اور خوف کی مصیبتیں اُن پر چھا گئیں۔ اُن کے پاس اُن کی اپنی قوم میں سے ایک رسُول آیا ۔ مگر اُنہوں نے اس کو جھُٹلادیا۔ آخرِ کار عذاب نے اُن کو آلیا جبکہ وہ ظالم ہو چکے تھے۔112

سُوْرَةُ النَّحْل حاشیہ نمبر :112

یہاں جس بستی کی مثال پیش کی گئی ہے اس کی کوئی نشان دہی نہیں کی گئی۔ نہ مفسرین یہ تعین کر سکے ہیں کہ یہ کونسی بستی ہے۔ بظاہر ابن عباسؓ ہی کا یہ قول صحیح معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ یہاں خود مکّے کو نام لیے بغیر مثال کے طور پرپیش کیا گیا ہے ۔ اس صورت میں خوف اور بھوک کی جس مصیبت کے چھا جانے کا یہاں ذکر کیا گیا ہے ، اس سے مراد وہ قحط ہو گا جو نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی بعثت کے بعد ایک مدّت تک اہلِ مکّہ پر مسلّط رہا۔ 

AL NAHL 16:106-110

مَنۡ کَفَرَ بِاللّٰہِ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ اِیۡمَانِہٖۤ اِلَّا مَنۡ اُکۡرِہَ وَ قَلۡبُہٗ مُطۡمَئِنٌّۢ بِالۡاِیۡمَانِ وَ لٰکِنۡ مَّنۡ شَرَحَ بِالۡکُفۡرِ صَدۡرًا فَعَلَیۡہِمۡ غَضَبٌ مِّنَ اللّٰہِ ۚ وَ لَہُمۡ عَذَابٌ عَظِیۡمٌ ﴿۱۰۶﴾ ذٰلِکَ بِاَنَّہُمُ اسۡتَحَبُّوا الۡحَیٰوۃَ الدُّنۡیَا عَلَی الۡاٰخِرَۃِ ۙ وَ اَنَّ اللّٰہَ لَا یَہۡدِی الۡقَوۡمَ الۡکٰفِرِیۡنَ ﴿۱۰۷﴾ اُولٰٓئِکَ الَّذِیۡنَ طَبَعَ اللّٰہُ عَلٰی قُلُوۡبِہِمۡ وَ سَمۡعِہِمۡ وَ اَبۡصَارِہِمۡ ۚ وَ اُولٰٓئِکَ ہُمُ الۡغٰفِلُوۡنَ ﴿۱۰۸﴾ لَاجَرَمَ اَنَّہُمۡ فِی الۡاٰخِرَۃِ ہُمُ الۡخٰسِرُوۡنَ ﴿۱۰۹﴾ ثُمَّ اِنَّ رَبَّکَ لِلَّذِیۡنَ ہَاجَرُوۡا مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ مَا فُتِنُوۡا ثُمَّ جٰہَدُوۡا وَ صَبَرُوۡۤا ۙ اِنَّ رَبَّکَ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِہَا لَغَفُوۡرٌ رَّحِیۡمٌ ﴿۱۱۰﴾٪

Surah An-Nahl — Verses 106–110 (Arabic Text)
Verse 106:
“Whoever disbelieves in Allah after having believed — except one who is compelled while his heart remains tranquil in faith — but whoever opens his breast to disbelief, upon them is the wrath of Allah, and for them is a great punishment.”
Verse 107:
“That is because they preferred the life of this world over the Hereafter, and because Allah does not guide the disbelieving people.”
Verse 108:
“Those are the ones upon whose hearts, hearing, and sight Allah has set a seal — and they are the heedless ones.”
Verse 109:
“Without doubt, it is they who in the Hereafter will be the losers.”
Verse 110:
“Then indeed your Lord — for those who emigrated after they were persecuted, then strove and remained patient — indeed your Lord, after all that, is Most Forgiving, Most Merciful.”

Urdu Text (Translation)
“Whoever disbelieves after having believed — if he was compelled and his heart remains at peace with faith, that is another matter — but whoever accepts disbelief with the willing consent of his heart, upon him is Allah’s wrath, and for all such people there is a great punishment. This is because they preferred the life of this world over the Hereafter, and it is Allah’s way that He does not show the path of salvation to those who show ingratitude toward His blessing. These are the people upon whose hearts, ears, and eyes Allah has set a seal. They are drowned in heedlessness. It is certain that in the Hereafter these very people will be the losers. In contrast, those whose condition is such that when they were persecuted on account of their faith, they abandoned their homes, emigrated, endured hardships in the path of Allah, and remained patient — for them your Lord is surely Most Forgiving, Most Merciful.”

Footnote 109
This verse addresses the situation of those Muslims upon whom severe oppression was being inflicted at that time, and who were being driven to disbelief through unbearable torment. They are informed: if at some point you are forced by violence and utter a word of disbelief merely to save your life, while your heart remains protected from the conviction of disbelief, you will be forgiven. But if you accept disbelief in your heart, then even if you save your life in this world, you will not be saved from Allah’s punishment.
This does not mean that one should utter a word of disbelief to save one’s life. Rather, this is merely a rukhsah — a dispensation. If a person says such a thing under compulsion while keeping faith firmly in the heart, there will be no accountability. Otherwise, the station of ’azimah — of true resolve — is that even if a person’s body is cut to pieces, he should continue to proclaim the word of truth.
Both kinds of examples are found in the blessed era of the Prophet ﷺ:
On one side stands Khabbab ibn al-Aratt رضي الله عنه, who was laid upon burning coals until his fat melted and extinguished the fire — yet he remained firmly upon his faith. There is Bilal al-Habashi رضي الله عنه, who was made to wear a coat of iron armour and stand in the scorching sun, then dragged across burning sand — yet he continued to say Ahad, Ahad (One, One). And there is Habib ibn Zayd ibn Asim رضي الله عنه, whose limbs were cut off one by one on the orders of Musaylimah the Liar, who demanded after each cut that he acknowledge Musaylimah as a prophet — yet each time he refused to bear witness to his false claim of prophethood, until he gave up his life in that very state, limb by limb.
On the other side stands Ammar ibn Yasir رضي الله عنه, whose father and mother were martyred before his eyes under severe torment, and who was then himself given such unbearable torture that in the end he said everything the disbelievers wanted him to say in order to save his life. He then came to the Prophet ﷺ weeping and said:
“Ya Rasulallah, I was not released until I had spoken ill of you and praised their deities.”
The Prophet ﷺ asked: “How do you find your heart?”
He replied: “Fully at peace with faith.”
Upon this the Prophet ﷺ said: “If they do this to you again, say the same things again.”

Footnote 110
These sentences are addressed to those people who, upon finding the path of truth difficult, renounced their faith and rejoined their disbelieving and polytheistic community.

Footnote 111
This is a reference to the Muhajirun of Abyssinia — those companions who emigrated to Abyssinia to escape persecution.

SubhanAllah — these verses contain one of the most profound and compassionate rulings in all of Islamic jurisprudence: the doctrine of ikrah (compulsion) and the primacy of the heart’s condition over outward speech under duress.
The stories of Khabbab, Bilal, and Habib ibn Zayd رضي الله عنهم represent the summit of human courage and spiritual resolve — among the most moving accounts in all of Islamic history. And the tenderness of the Prophet ﷺ toward Ammar رضي الله عنه shows the profound mercy and wisdom at the heart of this religion.
Shall we continue with the next verses, or would you like the comparative scholar analysis for these verses as well?

جو شخص ایمان لانے کے بعد کُفر کرے ﴿وہ اگر﴾ مجبور کیا گیا ہو اور دل اُس کا ایمان پر مطمئن ہو ﴿تب تو خیر﴾ مگر جس نے دل کی رضا مندی سے کُفر کو قبول کر لیا اس پر اللہ کا غضب ہے اور ایسے سب لوگوں کے لیے بڑا عذاب ہے۔109 یہ اس لیے کہ اُنہوں نے آخرت کے مقابلہ میں دُنیا کی زندگی کو پسند کر لیا، اور اللہ کا قاعدہ ہے کہ وہ اُن لوگوں کو راہِ نجات نہیں دِکھاتا جو اُس کی نعمت کا کُفران کریں۔ یہ وہ لوگ ہیں جن کےدِلوں اور کانوں اور آنکھوں پر اللہ نے مُہر لگا دی ہے۔ یہ غفلت میں ڈُوب چکے ہیں۔ ضرور ہے کہ آخرت میں یہی خسارے میں رہیں۔110 بخلاف اس کے جِن لوگوں کا حال یہ ہے کہ جب﴿ایمان لانے کی وجہ سے﴾ وہ ستائے گئے تو اُنہوں نے گھر بار چھوڑ دیے، ہجرت کی، راہِ خدا میں سختیاں جھیلیں اور صبر سے کام لیا،111 اُن کےلیے یقیناً تیرا ربّ غفور و رحیم ہے۔ ؏ ١۴

109

اس آیت میں اُن مسلمانوں کے معاملے سے بحث کی گئی ہے جن پر اُس وقت سخت مظالم توڑے جارہے تھے اور ناقابلِ برداشت اذیتیں دے دے کر کفر پر مجبور کیا جا رہا تھا۔ ان کو بتایا گیا ہے کہ اگر تم کسی وقت ظلم سے مجبور ہو کر محض جان بچانے کے لیے کلمہ ٔ کفر زبان سے ادا کردو، اور دل تمہارا عقیدۂ کفر سے محفوظ ہو، تو معاف کر دیا جائے گا۔ لیکن اگر دل سے تم نے کفر قبول کر لیا تو دنیا میں چاہے جان بچا لو، خدا کے عذاب سے نہ بچ سکو گے۔

اس کا یہ مطلب نہیں ہے کہ جان بچانے کے لیے کلمہ ٔ کفر کہہ دینا چاہیے۔ بلکہ یہ صرف رخصت ہے۔ اگر ایمان دل میں رکھتے ہوئے آدمی مجبورًا ایسا کہہ دے تو مواخذہ نہ ہو گا۔ ورنہ مقامِ عزیمت یہی ہے کہ خواہ آدمی کا جسم تکا بوٹی کر ڈالا جائے بہرحال وہ کلمہ ٔ حق ہی کا اعلان کرتا رہے۔ دونوں قسم کی نظیریں نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے عہد ِ مبارک میں پائی جاتی ہیں۔ ایک طرف خَبَّاب ؓ بن اَرت ہیں جن کو آگ کے انگاروں پر لُٹایا گیا یہاں تک کہ ان کی چربی پگھلنے سے آگ بجھ گئی، مگر وہ سختی کے ساتھ اپنے ایمان پر جمے رہے۔ بلالؓ حبشی ہیں جن کو لوگے کی زِرہ پہنا کر چلچلاتی دھوپ میں کھڑا کر دیا گیا، پھر تپتی ہوئی ریت پر لٹا کر گھسیٹا گیا مگر وہ احد احد ہی کہتے رہے۔ حبیب بن زیدؓ بن عاصم ہیں جن کے بدن کا ایک ایک عضو مُسیلمہ کذاب کے حکم سےکاٹا جاتا تھا اور پھر مطالبہ کیا جاتا تھا کہ مسیلمہ کو نبی مان لیں ، مگ ہر مرتبہ وہ اس کے دعوائے رسالت کی شہادت دینے سے انکار کرتے تھے یہاں تک کہ اسی حالت میں کٹ کٹ کر انہوں نے جان دے دی۔ دوسری طرف عَمّار بن یاسرؓ ہیں جن کی آنکھوں کے سامنے ان کے والد اور ان کی والدہ کو سخت عذاب دے دے کر شہید کر دیا گیا، پھر ان کو اتنی ناقابلِ برداشت اذیّت دی گئی کہ آخر انہوں نے جان بچانے کے لیے ہو سب کچھ کہہ دیا جو کفار اُن سے کہلوانا چاہتے تھے۔ پھر وہ روتے روتے نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوئے اور عرض کیا یا رَسُول َ اللہ مَا تُرِکْتُ حَتّٰی سَبَبْتُکَ وَذَکَرْ تُ اٰ لِھَتَھُمْ بِخَیْرٍ ۔ ” یا رسول اللہ، مجھے نہ چھوڑا گیا جب تک کہ میں نے آپ کو بُرا اور ان کے معبودوں کو اچھا نہ کہہ دیا“۔ حضور نے پوچھا کَیْفَ تَجِدُ قَلْبَکَ ۔ ”اپنے دل کا کیا حال پاتے ہو“؟ عرض کیا مُطْمَئِنًا بِالْاِیْمَانِ۔”ایمان پر پوری طرح مطمئن“۔ اس پر حضور ؐ نے فرمایا ان عَا دُوْ ا فَعُدْ۔ ”اگر وہ پھر اس طرح کا ظلم کریں تو تم پھر یہی باتیں کہہ دینا“۔

110

یہ فقرے اُن لوگوں کے بارے میں فرمائے گئے ہیں جنہوں نے راہِ حق کو کٹھن پا کر ایمان سے توبہ کر لی تھی اور پھر اپنی کافر و مشرک قوم میں جا ملے تھے۔

111

اشارہ ہے مہاجرین ِ حبشہ کی طرف۔

AL NAHL 16:103-105

 وَ لَقَدۡ نَعۡلَمُ اَنَّہُمۡ یَقُوۡلُوۡنَ اِنَّمَا یُعَلِّمُہٗ بَشَرٌ ؕ لِسَانُ الَّذِیۡ یُلۡحِدُوۡنَ اِلَیۡہِ اَعۡجَمِیٌّ وَّ ہٰذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِیٌّ مُّبِیۡنٌ ﴿۱۰۳﴾ اِنَّ الَّذِیۡنَ لَا یُؤۡمِنُوۡنَ بِاٰیٰتِ اللّٰہِ ۙ لَا یَہۡدِیۡہِمُ اللّٰہُ وَ لَہُمۡ عَذَابٌ اَلِیۡمٌ ﴿۱۰۴﴾ اِنَّمَا یَفۡتَرِی الۡکَذِبَ الَّذِیۡنَ لَا یُؤۡمِنُوۡنَ بِاٰیٰتِ اللّٰہِ ۚ وَ اُولٰٓئِکَ ہُمُ الۡکٰذِبُوۡنَ ﴿۱۰۵﴾

Surah An-Nahl — Verses 103–105 (Arabic Text)
Verse 103:
“And We certainly know that they say: ‘It is only a human being who teaches him.’ The tongue of the one they point to is foreign, while this is clear Arabic speech.”
Verse 104:
“Indeed, those who do not believe in the signs of Allah — Allah will not guide them, and for them is a painful punishment.”
Verse 105:
“It is only those who do not believe in the signs of Allah who fabricate falsehood — and it is they who are the liars.”

Urdu Text (Translation)
“We know that these people say about you: ‘A certain man teaches and instructs this person.’ Yet the one toward whom they point has a foreign tongue, while this is a clear and plain Arabic language. The truth is that those who do not accept Allah’s signs — Allah never grants them the ability to reach the correct understanding, and for such people there is a painful punishment. It is not the Prophet who fabricates lies — rather, it is those who do not accept Allah’s signs who are fabricating falsehood. They are the ones who are truly liars.”

Footnote 107
Various individuals are mentioned in different narrations as the person whom the disbelievers of Makkah suspected. In one narration the name given is Jabr — a Roman slave belonging to Amir ibn al-Hadhrami. In another narration, the slave of Huwayṭib ibn Abd al-Uzzā is mentioned, known as Ayish or Yayish. Yet another narration mentions Yasar, whose kunya was Abu Fukayhah, and who was a Jewish slave belonging to a woman of Makkah. Still another narration relates to a Roman slave named Bal’an or Bal’am.
In any case, whoever it may have been among these — the disbelievers of Makkah, merely upon observing that a certain person read the Torah and the Gospel and that Muhammad ﷺ had meetings with him, casually fabricated the accusation that it was actually he who was composing this Quran, and that Muhammad ﷺ was presenting it as the word of God.
This reveals not only how utterly shameless the opponents of the Prophet ﷺ were in inventing slanders against him — but it also teaches us how unjust people tend to be in recognising the true worth of their contemporaries. Before these people stood one of the greatest personalities in all of human history, whose like neither existed anywhere in the world at that time nor has been found to this day. Yet these intellectually blind people found a foreign slave — who could read a little of the Torah and Gospel — more capable than him, and imagined that this priceless gem was deriving its brilliance from that piece of coal.

Footnote 108
An alternative translation of this verse is also possible: “It is those who do not believe in Allah’s signs who habitually fabricate lies.”

SubhanAllah — the Quran’s refutation here is both logical and devastating. The argument is elegantly simple: the person they accuse of being the source spoke a foreign, non-Arabic tongue — yet the Quran is in the most eloquent, sublime Arabic ever heard by the Arabs themselves. The accusation collapses under its own weight.
And Mawdudi’s observation in Footnote 107 is profoundly moving — that the greatest human being to ever walk the earth was standing before them, and they chose to believe a foreign slave was the true source of his wisdom. It is, as he says, one of history’s most striking examples of people failing to recognise greatness in their midst.
Shall we continue with the next verses, or would you like the comparative scholar analysis for these three verses as well?

ہمیں معلوم ہے یہ لوگ تمہارے متعلق کہتے ہیں کہ اِس شخص کو ایک آدمی سِکھاتا پڑھاتا ہے۔107 حالانکہ اُن کا اشارہ جس آدمی کی طرف ہے اُس کی زبان عجمی ہے اور یہ صاف عربی زبان ہے۔ حقیقت یہ ہے کہ جو لوگ اللہ کی آیات کو نہیں مانتے اللہ کبھی اُن کو صحیح بات تک پہنچنے کی توفیق نہیں دیتا اور ایسے لوگوں کے لیے دردناک عذاب ہے۔ ﴿جھوٹی باتیں نبی نہیں گھڑتا بلکہ﴾ جھُوٹ وہ لوگ گھڑ رہے ہیں جو اللہ کی آیات کو نہیں مانتے،108 وہی حقیقت میں جھوٹے ہیں۔

107

روایات میں مختلف اشخاص کے متعلق بیان کیا گیا ہے کہ کفارِ مکہ اُن میں سے کسی پر یہ گمان کرتے تھے۔ ایک روایت میں اس کا نام جبر بیان کیا گیا ہے جو عامر بن الحَضرمی کا ایک رومی غلام تھا۔ دوسری روایت میں حُوَیطِب بن عبد العُزّیٰ کے ایک غلام کا نام لیا گیا ہے جسے عائش یا یَعیش کہتے تھے۔ ایک اور روایت میں یَسار کا نام لیا گیا ہے جس کی کنیت ابُو فکَیہَہ تھِ اور جو مکّے کی ایک عورت کا یہودی غلام تھا۔ ایک اور روایت بَلعان یا بَلعام نامی ایک رومی غلام سے متعلق ہے۔ بہرحال ان میں سے جو بھی ہو، کفار مکہ نے محض یہ دیکھ کر کہ ایک شخص تو راۃ و انجیل پڑھتا ہے اور محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی اس سے ملاقات ہے، بے تکلف یہ الزام گھڑ دیا کہ اس قرآن کو دراصل وہ تصنیف کر رہا ہے اور محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم اسے اپنی طرف سے خدا کا نام لے لے کر پیش کر رہے ہیں۔ اس سے نہ صرف یہ اندازہ ہوتا ہےکہ آنحضرت ؐ کے مخالفین آپ کے خلاف افتراپردازیاں کرنے میں کس قدر بے باک تھے، بلکہ یہ سبق بھی ملتا ہے کہ لوگ اپنے ہم عصروں کی قدر و قیمت پہچاننے میں کتنے بے انصاف ہوتے ہیں۔ ان لوگوں کے سامنے تاریخ انسانی کی ایک ایسی عظیم شخصیت تھی جس کی نظیر نہ اُس وقت دنیا بھر میں کہیں موجود تھی اور نہ آج تک پائی گئی ہے۔ مگر ان عقل کے اندھوں کو اُس کے مقابلہ میں ایک عجمی غلام، جو کچھ توراۃ و انجیل پڑھ لیتا تھا، قابل تر نظر آرہا تھا اور وہ گمان کر رہےتھے کہ یہ گوہرِ نایاب اس کوئلے سے چمک حاصل کر رہا ہے

108

دوسرا ترجمہ اس آیت کا یہ بھی ہو سکتا ہے کہ ”جھوٹ تو وہ لوگ گھڑا کرتے ہیں جو اللہ کی آیات پر ایمان نہیں لاتے“۔

AL NAHL 16:101-102

اِذَا بَدَّلۡنَاۤ اٰیَۃً مَّکَانَ اٰیَۃٍ ۙ وَّ اللّٰہُ اَعۡلَمُ بِمَا یُنَزِّلُ قَالُوۡۤا اِنَّمَاۤ اَنۡتَ مُفۡتَرٍ ؕ بَلۡ اَکۡثَرُہُمۡ لَا یَعۡلَمُوۡنَ ﴿۱۰۱﴾ قُلۡ نَزَّلَہٗ رُوۡحُ الۡقُدُسِ مِنۡ رَّبِّکَ بِالۡحَقِّ لِیُـثَبِّتَ الَّذِیۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡا وَ ہُدًی وَّ بُشۡرٰی لِلۡمُسۡلِمِیۡنَ ﴿۱۰۲﴾

Here is the full English translation of Surah An-Nahl verses 101–102 with Mawdudi’s footnotes:

Surah An-Nahl — Verses 101–102 (Arabic Text)
Verse 101:
“And when We substitute one verse in place of another verse — and Allah knows best what He reveals — they say: ‘You are but a fabricator.’ Rather, most of them do not know.”
Verse 102:
“Say: The Pure Spirit has brought it down from your Lord in truth, to strengthen the believers, and as guidance and glad tidings for those who have submitted.”

Urdu Text (Translation)
“When We reveal one verse in place of another — and Allah knows best what He reveals — these people say: ‘You are fabricating this Quran yourself.’ The reality is that most of them are ignorant of the truth. Tell them: the Pure Spirit has brought it down gradually, exactly from my Lord, so that it may strengthen the faith of the believers, and so that it may show those who have submitted the straight path in the matters of life, and give them the glad tidings of success and felicity.”

Footnote 102
By “revealing one verse in place of another” could be meant the sending of one commandment after another — because the injunctions of the Quran were revealed gradually, and on many occasions two or three successive rulings were sent regarding the same matter with intervals of several years between them; for example, the matter of alcohol, or the matter of the punishment for adultery.
However, we are hesitant to adopt this meaning on the grounds that this verse of Surah An-Nahl was revealed during the Makkan period, and as far as we know, no example of gradual progression in legal commandments had occurred during that period.
Therefore, we understand “revealing one verse in place of another” here to mean that at various places in the Quran, sometimes one subject is explained through one example and sometimes another example is used to explain the same subject; the same story appears repeatedly, each time narrated in different words; sometimes one aspect of a matter is presented and sometimes another aspect of the same matter is brought forward; sometimes one argument is offered for a point and sometimes another; sometimes a matter is stated in brief at one time and in detail at another.
It was precisely this that the disbelievers of Makkah took as evidence that Muhammad ﷺ — God forbid — was himself composing this Quran. Their argument was: if the source of this speech were divine knowledge, everything would have been said all at once. Allah is not deficient in knowledge like a human being — thinking things through gradually, acquiring information piece by piece, and if one approach does not seem to fit, trying another way. These are the weaknesses of human knowledge that are apparently visible in your speech.

Footnote 103
The literal translation of Ruh al-Quds is “the Pure Spirit” or “the Spirit of Purity.” As a title, it has been given to Jibreel (Gabriel) عليه السلام. Here, instead of naming the angel who brings revelation, his title is used — and the purpose is to alert the listeners to the reality that this speech is being brought by a spirit who is free from all human weaknesses and deficiencies.
He is not treacherous — such that Allah sends something and he reduces or adds to it and makes it something else. He is not a liar or fabricator — such that he himself invents something and attributes it to Allah. He is not of corrupt intent — such that he employs deception and fraud for some personal, carnal purpose. He is entirely a sacred and purified spirit who delivers Allah’s word with complete faithfulness and trustworthiness.

Footnote 104
That is: the reason for his bringing this speech gradually and not bringing it all at once is not that there is any deficiency in Allah’s knowledge and wisdom — as you have ignorantly assumed. Rather, the reason is that there is a deficiency in the human capacity for understanding and absorption — due to which a person can neither comprehend everything at one time, nor can he become firmly grounded in what he has understood at a single sitting.
Therefore, the wisdom of Allah required that the Pure Spirit bring this speech in portions — sometimes dealing with a matter briefly, and sometimes elaborating upon the same matter in detail; sometimes explaining something in one way and sometimes in another; sometimes adopting one style of expression and sometimes another; and repeatedly impressing the same point upon the mind through various approaches — so that truth-seekers of varying abilities and capacities may come to faith, and after coming to faith, may become firmly grounded in knowledge, certainty, understanding, and comprehension.

105. The second practical wisdom of sending down the Quran piecemeal was that those believers who obediently followed it, should get necessary instructions for the propagation of Islam and the solution of other problems of life at the time when they were actually needed. It is obvious that if those instructions had been sent down before time and at one and the same time they would not have been useful. 

106. The third practical wisdom of not sending down the Quran as a whole at one and the same time was to give good tidings and encouragement to the obedient servants who were suffering from persecution and encountering great obstacles because they needed it over and over again. That is why they were assured of ultimate success time and again to fill them with hope to carry on their mission.

SubhanAllah — this passage is a masterful Quranic response to one of the oldest objections raised against divine revelation. The argument that gradual revelation proves human authorship is turned completely on its head — Mawdudi beautifully shows that it is precisely the gradual, multi-faceted, pedagogically sensitive nature of the Quran that proves its divine wisdom, since it is calibrated not to the limitations of Allah’s knowledge, but to the limitations of human understanding.
Shall we continue with the next verses, or would you like comparative scholar perspectives on these two verses as well?

جب ہم ایک آیت کی جگہ دُوسری آیت نازل کرتے ہیں۔۔۔۔ اور اللہ بہتر جانتا ہے کہ وہ کیا نازل کرے۔۔۔۔ تو یہ لوگ کہتے ہیں کہ تم یہ قرآن خود گھڑتے ہو۔102 اصل بات یہ ہے کہ اِن میں سے اکثر لوگ حقیقت سے ناواقف ہیں۔ اِن سے کہو کہ اسے تو روُح القُدس نے ٹھیک ٹھیک میرے ربّ کی طرف سے بتدریج نازل کیا103 ہے تاکہ ایمان لانے والوں کے ایمان کو پختہ کرے104اور فرماں برداروں کو زندگی کے معاملات میں سیدھی راہ بتائےاور105انہیں فلاح و سعادت کی خوشخبری دے۔106

102

ایک آیت کی جگہ دوسری آیت نازل کرنے سے مراد ایک حکم کے بعد دوسرا حکم بھیجنا بھی ہو سکتا ہے۔ کیونکہ قرآن مجید کے احکام بتدریج نازل ہو ئے ہیں اور بارہا ایک ہی معاملہ میں چند سال کے وقفوں سے یکے بعد دیگرے دو دو ، تین تین حکم بھیجے گئَ ہیں۔ مثلًا شراب کا معاملہ ، یا زنا کی سزا کا معاملہ۔ لیکن ہم کو یہ معنی لینے میں اس بنا پر تامل ہے کہ سورۂ نحل کی یہ آیت مکی دور میں نازل ہوئی ہے، اورجہاں تک ہمیں معلوم ہے اس دَور میں تدریج فی الاحکام کی کوئی مثال پیش نہ آئی تھی۔ اس لیے ہم یہاں ”ایک آیت کی جگہ دوسری آیت نازل کرنے“ کا مطلب یہ سمجھتے ہیں کہ قرآن مجید کے مختلف مقامات پر کبھی ایک مضمون کو ایک مثال سے سمجھایا گیا ہے اور کبھی وہی مضمون سمجھانے کے لیے دوسری مثال سے کام لیا گیا ہے۔ ایک ہی قصہ بار بار آیا ہے اور ہر مرتبہ اسے دوسرے الفاظ میں بیان کیا گیا ہے۔ ایک معاملہ کا کبھی ایک پہلو پیش کیا گیا ہے اور کبھی اُسی معاملے کا دوسرا پہلو سامنے لایا گیا ہے۔ ایک بات کے لیے کبھی ایک دلیل پیش کی گئی ہے اور کبھی دوسری دلیل۔ ایک بات ایک وقت میں مجمل طور پر کہی گئی ہے اور دوسرے وقت میں مفصل۔ یہی چیز تھی جسے کفارِ مکّہ اس بات کی دلیل ٹھیراتے تھے کہ محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم ، معاذ اللہ ، یہ قرآن خود تصنیف کرتے ہیں۔ ان کا استدلال یہ تھا کہ اگر اس کلام کا منبع علمِ الہٰی ہوتا تو پوری بات بیک وقت کہہ دی جاتی۔ اللہ کوئی انسا ن کی طرح ناقص العلم تھوڑا ہی ہے کہ سوچ سوچ کر بات کرے، رفتہ رفتہ معلومات حاصل کرتا رہے، اور ایک بات ٹھیک بیٹھتی نظر نہ آئے تو دوسرے طریقہ سے بات کرے یہ تو انسانی علم کی کمزوریاں ہیں جو تمہارے اس کلام میں نظر آرہی ہیں۔

103

”روح القدس“ کا لفظی ترجمہ ہے”پاک رُوح“ یا ”پاکیزگی“ ۔ اور اصطلاحًا یہ لقب حضرت جبریلؑ کو دیا گیا ہے۔ یہاں وحی لانے والے فرشتے کا نام لینے کے بجائے اس کا لقب استعمال کرنے سے مقصود سامعین کو اس حقیقت پر متنبہ کرنا ہے کہ اِس کلام کو ایک ایسی روح لے کر آرہی ہے جو بشری کمزوریوں اور نقائص سے پاک ہے۔ وہ نہ خائن ہے کہ اللہ کچھ بھیجے اور وہ اپنی طرف سے کمی بیشی کر کے کچھ اور بنادے۔ نہ کذّاب و مفتری ہے کہ خود کوئی بات گھڑ کے اللہ کے نام سے بیان کر دے۔ نہ بدنیت ہے کہ اپنی کسی نفسانی غرض کی بنا پر دھوکے اور فریب سے کام لے۔ وہ سراسر ایک مقدس و مطہر روح ہے جو اللہ کا کلام پوری امانت کے ساتھ لا کر پہنچاتی ہے۔

104

یعنی اُس کے بتدریج اِس کلام کو لے کر آنے اور بیک وقت سب کچھ نہ لے آنے کی وجہ یہ نہیں ہے کہ اللہ کے علم و دانش میں کوئی نقص ہے ، جیسا کہ تم نے اپنی نادانی سے سمجھا، بلکہ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ انسان کی قوتِ فہم اور قوتِ اخذ میں نقص ہے جس کے سبب سے وہ بیک وقت ساری بات کو نہ سمجھ سکتا ہے اور نہ ایک وقت کی سمجھی ہوئی بات میں پختہ ہو سکتا ہے۔ اس لیے اللہ تعالیٰ کی حکمت اِس بات کی مقتضی ہوئی کہ روح القدس اِس کلام کو تھوڑا تھوڑا کر کے لائے، کبھی اجمال سے کام لے اور کبھی اسی بات کی تفصیل بتائے، کبھی ایک طریقہ سے بات سمجھائے اور کبھی دوسرے طریقے سے، کبھی ایک پیرایۂ بیان اختیار کرے اور کبھی دوسرا، اور ایک ہی بات کو بار بار طریقے طریقے سےذہن نشینن کر نے کی کوشش کرے ، تاکہ مختلف قابلیتوں اور استعدادوں کے طالبینِ حق ایمان لا سکیں اور ایمان لانے کے بعد علم و یقین اور فہم و ادراک میں پختہ ہو سکیں

AL HASHR52:2, IMPLOSION OF TYRANTS IN HISTORY

Surah Al-Hashr (59:2). A very powerful verse. Here it is:

Arabic:
يُخْرِبُونَ بُيُوتَهُم بِأَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَيْدِي الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
Full verse (59:2):
“He it is Who expelled the disbelievers among the People of the Book from their homes at the first gathering of forces. You did not think that they would go, and they thought that their fortresses would protect them from Allah. But Allah came upon them from where they had not expected, and He cast terror into their hearts, so that they destroyed their own dwellings with their own hands and the hands of the believers. Then take admonition, O you with eyes to see.”

Context: This verse refers to the Banu Nadir, a Jewish tribe of Madinah who were expelled after plotting against the Prophet ﷺ. When they realized they had to leave, they began demolishing their own homes — either to deny the Muslims any benefit from them, or to salvage the building materials (doors, beams, etc.) to take with them. The Muslims then completed the demolition.
The verse ends with a profound moral: فَاعْتَبِرُوا يَا أُولِي الْأَبْصَارِ — “Take admonition, O people of insight.” It’s a direct call for reflection on how the arrogance of a people can lead them to destroy with their own hands what they had built.
Mawdudi’s Tafheem has an excellent commentary on this — would you like me to pull that as well?

Here is a comprehensive summary of his commentary on 59:2:

Tafheem ul-Quran — Mawdudi’s Commentary on Surah Al-Hashr 59:2

📖 Background: Who Were Banu Nadir?
The Prophet ﷺ had concluded a formal written treaty with the Bani an-Nadir. They had not broken this agreement as such that it should have become void. But the reason they were confronted was that after making different kinds of minor violations, they at last committed such an offense which amounted to breach of trust — they plotted to kill the Prophet ﷺ himself.
When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ visited the tribe to collect blood-money, they made him sit against a wall and secretly plotted that someone should climb that wall and drop a rock on him. But before they could execute their sinister plan, Allah revealed it to him in time. The Prophet ﷺ instantly left, returned to Madinah, and sent them a message: they had betrayed the treaty and were given ten days to leave, or face the consequences.

🏰 Their False Confidence in Their Fortresses
Although the Bani Qainuqa had been expelled before them, and their false pride of valor had proved to be of no avail, the Bani an-Nadir thought that their case was different — they had their own separate fortified settlement and strongholds, and could not imagine that any power could turn them out so easily. That is why when the Prophet ﷺ served them notice to leave within ten days, they boldly retorted: “We are not going to quit — you may do whatever you please.” 

😮 “They Were Fighting Allah — Knowingly”
This is one of Mawdudi’s most striking observations. On the phrase “they thought their fortresses would save them from Allah”:
The fact is that the Jews in this world are a strange people, who have been knowingly fighting Allah. They killed the Prophets of Allah knowing them to be His Prophets, and they declared boastfully and arrogantly that they had killed the Prophets of Allah. This is not a matter of ignorance — it is willful defiance. 

🏚️ “They Destroyed Their Own Homes”
On the specific act of self-demolition mentioned in the verse:
The Banu Nadir spoiled their houses by removing their doors and shutters themselves. As for “spoiling their homes with the hands of the believers” — this refers to when the Jews locked themselves up in their fortresses, and the Muslims destroyed the trees and homes outside the fortresses in order to compel them to surrender. 

🌳 Were Muslims Justified in Cutting the Trees?
Mawdudi addresses an important fiqhi point here:
Spreading disorder means an army under the fit of war hysteria intruding into enemy territory and destroying crops, cattle, gardens, and houses without any reason. The general instruction is the same which Abu Bakr Siddiq gave while dispatching the Muslim army to Syria: “Do not cut down fruit trees, do not destroy crops, do not ravage settlements.” But the specific command in respect of war exigencies is that if destruction is necessary for military operations, it is lawful. Abdullah ibn Masud confirmed that the Muslims had cut down only those trees of the Bani an-Nadir that stood in positions of military necessity. 

📅 What Is the “First Hashr”?
According to one group of commentators, “first hashr” refers to the banishment of the Bani an-Nadir from Madinah — described as the first, because their second hashr took place in the time of Umar رضي الله عنه, when the Jews and Christians were expelled from the Arabian peninsula, and the final hashr will take place on the Day of Resurrection. According to the second group, it refers to the gathering of the Muslim army — that as soon as the Muslims assembled to fight them, and not a drop of blood had been shed, they — by the manifestation of Allah’s power — offered to be banished of their own accord. 

💡 The Closing Lesson
The verse ends with فَاعْتَبِرُوا يَا أُولِي الْأَبْصَارِ — “Take admonition, O people of sight.”
The object of this surah’s opening — that all in the heavens and earth glorifies Allah, the Most Mighty, the Most Wise — is to prepare the mind to understand the truth that the fate this powerful tribe met was not the result of the power of the Muslims, but a manifestation of the power of Allah.

A deeply layered verse — their downfall came not from outside alone, but from their own hands. A timeless lesson in how arrogance and betrayal ultimately turn a people against themselves. Would you like the Urdu Tafheem text for this as well?

AL E IMRAN, chapter Introduction in Q&A format(Urdu& English)


Download from website, txt 6308999817 or make copies to share. Deep dive into comprehensive study of Tafheemul Quran tafseer in Urdu and English. Check the links.https://voiceofquran5.com/2025/12/13/holy-quran-ahadees-introduction-translation-tafseer-explanation/

https://voiceofquran5.com/introducing-quran/

Q1: Why is this surah called “Al Imran” (The Family of Imran)?

It is named after the lineage mentioned in verse 3:33, referring to Imran (father of Mary), Maryam (Mary), and Jesus (AS). The family represents the prophetic chain central to the surah’s theological discussions.


Q2: Who is the primary audience of Surah Al Imran, and how does it differ from Surah Al-Baqarah?

While Al-Baqarah primarily addresses Jews, Surah Al Imran is directed mainly at Christians, focusing on correcting their theological errors — particularly the false belief in the divinity of Jesus (AS).


Q3: When was Surah Al Imran revealed, and how is it divided thematically?

It is a Medinan surah, revealed mostly during years 2–3 AH across four distinct discourses:

  • Verses 1–32: After the Battle of Badr, establishing core theological principles
  • Verses 33–63: During the Najran Christian delegation’s visit in 9 AH
  • Verses 64–120: Addressing Jewish deviations and Muslim community cohesion
  • Verses 121–200: After the Battle of Uhud, analyzing Muslim setbacks

Q4: How does the surah refute the Christian belief in Jesus’s divinity?

It argues that Jesus’s miraculous birth without a father is a sign of Allah’s limitless power, not proof of divinity. The surah draws a direct parallel to Adam’s creation without either parent and to John the Baptist’s birth to elderly parents — demonstrating that miracles reflect Allah’s will, not divine status.


Q5: What criticisms does the surah level at the Jews of Medina?

It highlights their distortion of scripture, hypocrisy, and rejection of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) — despite his prophethood being consistent with Abrahamic tradition and their own prophecies.


Q6: What was the significance of the Battle of Uhud in the context of this surah?

Uhud was a critical test for the Muslim community. Initial setbacks were linked to moral weaknesses such as greed and disobedience to the Prophet’s commands. The surah uses this event to build resilience, reinforce reliance on Allah, and draw lessons about the consequences of internal discord.


Q7: What role did the Najran Christian delegation play in the surah’s revelation?

Their visit to Medina in 9 AH prompted the revelation of verses 33–63, which directly address Christian theological claims about Jesus. This section presents the clearest Quranic argument for Jesus’s prophethood rather than divinity.


Q8: What are the key practical instructions the surah gives to Muslims?

Three core directives stand out: maintaining unity and rejecting internal divisions, learning from the moral failures of earlier nations (such as scriptural corruption), and balancing sincere faith with righteous action — enjoining good, forbidding evil, and trusting in Allah’s promise of ultimate victory.


Q9: How does the surah conclude thematically?

It ends (verses 190–200) with a meditation on cosmic signs in creation, calling believers to deep reflection on Allah’s sovereignty. This serves as a spiritual anchor, reinforcing that all adversities — whether theological challenges or military setbacks — fall under Allah’s ultimate authority and wisdom.


Q10: What is the overarching purpose of Surah Al Imran according to Maududi?

It functions as a comprehensive theological and community-building blueprint — defending Islamic monotheism against Judeo-Christian deviations, exposing hypocrisy within the Muslim community, and fortifying Muslim identity through both doctrinal clarity and practical guidance rooted in historical lessons.

AL BAQARAH Introduction Summary in Q&A format(Urdu & English)

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Naming & Significance

Q: Why is the surah named “Al-Baqarah” (The Cow) if the cow is not its central theme?

A: The name comes from a specific narrative in verses 67–73, where Allah commands the Israelites to sacrifice a cow. Like many Quranic surahs, the title is drawn from a distinctive story or object within it, not from its overarching theme. The surah actually covers broad theological, legal, and moral guidance.


Revelation Context

Q: Where and when was most of Surah Al-Baqarah revealed?

A: Most of it was revealed in Medina during the first two years after the Hijra. However, the verses on interest were revealed later, and the final three verses (284–286) were revealed in Mecca but included due to thematic relevance.

Q: How did the Quran’s audience shift from Mecca to Medina?

A: In Mecca, the Quran primarily addressed polytheists unfamiliar with monotheism. In Medina, it engaged the Jewish community, who were already acquainted with concepts like divine unity and prophecy but had deviated from original Mosaic teachings.


Central Theme

Q: What are the three groups contrasted in the surah’s opening?

A: The surah contrasts Believers, who embrace the unseen, pray, give charity, and accept all prophets; Disbelievers, who reject truth despite warnings and whose hearts are described as “sealed”; and Hypocrites, who outwardly feign belief while undermining the Muslim community — considered the most dangerous group.

Q: How does Al-Baqarah respond to Surah Al-Fatihah?

A: Al-Fatihah ends with a prayer for guidance to the straight path. Al-Baqarah opens by declaring the Quran itself as that guidance, specifically for the God-conscious.


Audience & Objectives

Q: What does the change of qiblah (prayer direction) to the Kaaba symbolize in this surah?

A: It symbolizes the transfer of spiritual leadership from the Children of Israel to the Muslim community, reflecting the Jews’ deviation from their original teachings and their rejection of Prophet Muhammad.

Q: What practical frameworks does the surah provide for the early Muslim community?

A: It provides laws and guidance on prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage, warfare, economic justice (including the condemnation of interest), family law, and ethics — essentially a blueprint for building a functioning Muslim society in Medina.


Historical & Geopolitical Context

Q: What was the geopolitical situation of the Muslim community in Medina at the time?

A: The Muslims were surrounded by a largely hostile non-Muslim Arabia. The surah responds to this by commanding perseverance, community cohesion, and principled self-defense, including guidance on warfare during sacred months.


Structural Flow

Q: How is Surah Al-Baqarah broadly structured?

A: It opens with theological foundations covering belief, disbelief, and hypocrisy; moves through human history via the stories of Adam, Abraham, and Moses to establish Islam’s continuity with prior revelation; and culminates in practical regulations covering ethics, finance, family law, and closing prayers for divine mercy.

URDU TRANSLATION

57:27.. Topic of priesthood Islam vs Christianity

Surah Al-Hadid (57:27)

Arabic Text

ثُمَّ قَفَّيْنَا عَلَىٰٓ أَثَارِهِم بِرُسُلِنَا وَقَفَّيْنَا بِعِيسَىٰ ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ وَءَاتَيْنَٰهُ ٱلْإِنجِيلَ ۖ وَجَعَلْنَا فِى قُلُوبِ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّبَعُوهُ رَأْفَةً وَرَحْمَةً ۚ وَرَهْبَانِيَّةً ٱبْتَدَعُوهَا مَا كَتَبْنَٰهَا عَلَيْهِمْ إِلَّا ٱبْتِغَآءَ رِضْوَانِ ٱللَّهِ فَمَا رَعَوْهَا حَقَّ رِعَايَتِهَا ۖ فَـَٔاتَيْنَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا مِنْهُمْ أَجْرَهُمْ ۚ وَكَثِيرٌ مِّنْهُمْ فَـٰسِقُونَ

English Translation (by Maulana Maududi)

In their wake, We sent a succession of Our Messengers, and raised Jesus, son of Mary, after all of them, and bestowed upon him the Evangel, and We set tenderness and mercy in the hearts of those that followed him. As for monasticism, it is they who invented it; We did not prescribe it for them. They themselves invented it in pursuit of Allah’s good pleasure, and then they did not observe it as it ought to have been observed. So We gave their reward to those of them that believed. But many of them are wicked. 5

Tafseer (Commentary from Tafheem-ul-Quran)

The verse highlights the chain of prophets following Noah and Abraham, emphasizing prophethood and scripture in their lineages. Specifically, it mentions Jesus, son of Mary, who was given the Gospel (Injeel). Allah instilled tenderness (ra’fat, meaning compassion or pity) and mercy (rahmat) in the hearts of his true followers, reflecting Jesus’s own merciful teachings and leading them to treat others with kindness and aid those in need.

The concept of monasticism (ruhbaniyyat), derived from “rahb” (fear), involves renouncing worldly life—such as marriage, family, and material possessions—out of fear of worldly temptations, tyranny, or personal weaknesses, often leading to a hermit-like existence. This practice was not ordained by Allah; rather, the followers of Jesus innovated it themselves in an attempt to seek Allah’s pleasure. However, they committed a twofold error: first, by imposing restrictions not required by divine law, and second, by failing to uphold even these self-imposed rules properly, which brought them divine displeasure instead of reward.

Those among them who truly believed and adhered faithfully received their due rewards from Allah, but the majority proved to be disobedient (fasiquun), straying from the path.

Historically, monasticism developed centuries after Jesus, influenced by ascetic traditions reacting to the sensuality of earlier societies (e.g., Greek and Roman). It originated in Egypt around the 3rd-4th century CE, with figures like St. Anthony often credited as its founder, and spread through individuals like St. Athanasius and St. Basil. Over time, it incorporated elements from non-Abrahamic traditions, such as Buddhist and Hindu asceticism, including extreme self-denial like prolonged fasting, carrying heavy weights, rejecting hygiene, and celibacy. Monks severed family ties, sometimes abandoning parents or children, and engaged in sectarian conflicts. Paradoxically, despite vows of poverty, many monasteries accumulated wealth, and reports of moral lapses, such as immorality within cloisters, were common.

From an Islamic perspective, monasticism is rejected as an innovation (bid’ah). The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) stated, as narrated in Musnad Ahmed, that there is no monasticism in Islam; instead, the “monasticism” of the Muslim ummah is jihad (striving) in the way of Allah. Islam promotes a balanced life, as exemplified by the Prophet’s own practices of prayer, fasting, marriage, and family involvement, without extremes of self-torture or world-renunciation. 5

Ibn katheer vs mm

Surah Al-Hadid (57:27) – Ibn Kathir’s Tafsir

Arabic Text

ثُمَّ قَفَّيْنَا عَلَىٰ آثَارِهِم بِرُسُلِنَا وَقَفَّيْنَا بِعِيسَى ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْإِنجِيلَ وَجَعَلْنَا فِي قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوهُ رَأْفَةً وَرَحْمَةً وَرَهْبَانِيَّةً ابْتَدَعُوهَا مَا كَتَبْنَاهَا عَلَيْهِمْ إِلَّا ابْتِغَاءَ رِضْوَانِ اللَّهِ فَمَا رَعَوْهَا حَقَّ رِعَايَتِهَا ۖ فَآتَيْنَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْهُمْ أَجْرَهُمْ ۖ وَكَثِيرٌ مِنْهُمْ فَاسِقُونَ

English Translation (by Ibn Kathir)

Then, We sent after them Our Messengers, and We sent ‘Isa the son of Maryam, and gave him the Injil. And We ordained in the hearts of those who followed him compassion and mercy. But the monasticism which they invented for themselves, We did not prescribe for them, but (they sought it) only to please Allah therewith, but that they did not observe it with the right observance. So, We gave those among them who believed, their (due) reward; but many of them are rebellious. 10

Tafsir (Commentary from Ibn Kathir)

Allah the Exalted states that since He sent Nuh (Noah), peace be upon him, all the Prophets and Messengers He sent after that were from his offspring. All the revealed Divine Books and all the Messengers that received revelation after Ibrahim (Abraham), Allah’s Khalil (close friend), peace be upon him, were from Ibrahim’s offspring. The last among the Prophets of the Children of Israel was ‘Isa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary), who prophesied the good news of the coming of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon them both.

The verse refers to the Injil (Gospel) that Allah revealed to him. He ordained in the hearts of those who followed him—i.e., the disciples—compassion (ra’fah) and tenderness, and mercy toward the creatures.

Regarding monasticism (rahbaniyyah), which they invented for themselves, it refers to the monasticism that the Christian nation invented. Allah did not prescribe it for them; they chose it on their own. There are two opinions about the meaning of “only to please Allah therewith”:

  • The first is that they wanted to please Allah by inventing monasticism (as stated by Sa’id bin Jubayr and Qatadah).
  • The second is that Allah did not ordain monasticism for them but rather ordained only to seek what pleases Him.

However, they did not observe it with the right observance, meaning they did not abide by what they ordered themselves to do. This ayah criticizes them in two ways: first, they invented things in their religion that Allah did not legislate for them; second, they did not fulfill the requirements of what they themselves invented, which they claimed was a means of drawing near to Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored.

So, Allah gave those among them who believed their due reward, but many of them are rebellious (fasiqun). 10

Comparison with Tafheem-ul-Quran (by Maulana Maududi)

Both tafsirs provide a similar core interpretation of the verse, emphasizing the succession of prophets, the mission of Jesus with the Gospel, the instillation of compassion and mercy in his true followers, the innovation of monasticism (not divinely ordained), the failure to observe it properly, and the reward for the believers among them while noting that many were disobedient or rebellious. The translations are nearly identical in meaning, with minor phrasing differences (e.g., Ibn Kathir uses “compassion and mercy,” while Maududi uses “tenderness and mercy”). Both highlight monasticism as a human invention aimed at seeking Allah’s pleasure but criticize it as an unauthorized addition to religion that was not upheld correctly.

Key similarities:

  • Prophetic chain and Jesus’s role: Both connect the verse to the lineage of prophets from Noah and Abraham, with Jesus as the last to the Children of Israel, given the Injil, and inspiring mercy in followers.
  • Monasticism as innovation: It is described as invented by Christians/followers, not prescribed by Allah, pursued for divine pleasure, but not observed rightly—leading to criticism.
  • Reward and disobedience: Faithful believers receive rewards, but the majority are labeled as wicked (Maududi) or rebellious (Ibn Kathir).
  • Thematic focus: Emphasis on divine guidance versus human alterations, with a warning against straying from prescribed paths.

Key differences:

  • Depth and style: Ibn Kathir’s tafsir is more classical and exegetical, drawing on scholarly opinions (e.g., from Sa’id bin Jubayr and Qatadah) for interpretive nuances, such as the two views on “seeking Allah’s pleasure.” It ties the verse closely to broader prophetic history and Quranic criticism of religious innovation. Maududi’s Tafheem-ul-Quran is more modern and expansive, providing detailed historical context (e.g., monasticism’s origins in 3rd-4th century Egypt, influences from Greek/Roman, Buddhist, and Hindu traditions, and examples of extremes like self-torture, wealth accumulation, and moral failings in monasteries).
  • Islamic perspective: Maududi explicitly contrasts with Islam, citing a hadith that there is no monasticism in Islam (replaced by jihad and balanced life, as per the Prophet’s example). Ibn Kathir implies rejection through Quranic critique but focuses less on historical or comparative details.
  • Scope: Ibn Kathir remains concise and scripture-focused, while Maududi elaborates on practical implications, such as the “twofold error” (imposing unrequired restrictions and failing to uphold them) and societal/historical developments.

Overall, Ibn Kathir offers a traditional, scholar-based analysis rooted in early Islamic exegesis, while Maududi provides a contemporary, contextual explanation with historical insights and direct application to Islamic teachings. 10