Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) transformed Arabia from a land of ignorance (**Jahiliyyah**) to a beacon of faith, knowledge, and justice. His life remains the **ultimate model** of leadership, patience, and devotion to Allah.  

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Prophet Muhammad, born around 570 CE in Mecca (modern-day Saudi Arabia), was the founder of Islam. Raised as an orphan in the Quraysh tribe, he worked as a merchant and was known for his integrity, earning the nickname “Al-Amin” (the trustworthy). At age 40, in 610 CE, he received his first revelation from God (Allah) through the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira. These revelations, over 23 years, formed the Qur’an, Islam’s holy book.

Mission

Prophet Muhammad’s mission was to call people to monotheism (Tawhid), urging them to worship one God and abandon idolatry. He preached social justice, compassion, and moral conduct, challenging Mecca’s powerful elites. Facing persecution, he and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE (the Hijra), marking the start of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, he established a community based on Islamic principles, uniting diverse tribes. He led defensive battles against Meccan opposition and, by 630 CE, peacefully conquered Mecca, cleansing the Kaaba of idols.

Legacy

Prophet Muhammad died in 632 CE, leaving a profound legacy:

– **Religious**: Islam, based on the Qur’an and his Sunnah (teachings and practices), spread rapidly, shaping a global faith with over 1.9 billion followers today.

– **Political**: He laid the foundation for the Islamic state, with the Constitution of Medina promoting coexistence and governance.

– **Social**: His emphasis on charity, equality, and community reformed Arabian society, influencing laws and ethics.

He is revered as the “Seal of the Prophets” in Islam, the final messenger in a line including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. His legacy endures through Islamic scholarship, institutions, and the global Muslim community.

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Concise yet comprehensive summary of **Prophet Muhammad’s (ﷺ) biography, mission, and legacy**:

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1. Early Life (570–610 CE)**  

– **Birth & Lineage:** Born in **Makkah** (570 CE) into the **Quraysh tribe** (Banu Hashim clan). His father, **Abdullah**, died before his birth, and his mother, **Aminah**, passed away when he was six. He was raised by his grandfather **Abdul-Muttalib** and later by his uncle **Abu Talib**.  

– **Character:** Known as **Al-Amin (The Trustworthy)** for his honesty and integrity. Worked as a merchant, earning the respect of his community.  

– **Marriage to Khadijah (RA):** At 25, he married **Khadijah**, a wealthy widow, who later became the first believer in his prophethood.  

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### **2. Prophethood & Mission (610–632 CE)**  

#### **Revelation & Early Preaching (610–613 CE)**  

– **First Revelation (610 CE):** At age 40, while meditating in **Cave Hira**, the Angel **Jibril (Gabriel)** brought the first verses of the Quran (Surah Al-Alaq 96:1–5).  

– **Early Converts:** His wife **Khadijah**, cousin **Ali ibn Abi Talib**, close friend **Abu Bakr**, and freed slave **Zayd ibn Harithah** were among the first Muslims.  

– **Secret Preaching:** For three years, Islam spread quietly due to persecution.  

#### **Public Declaration & Persecution (613–622 CE)**  

– **Open Dawah:** After being commanded to preach publicly (Surah Al-Hijr 15:94), the Quraysh leaders (like **Abu Lahab & Abu Jahl**) opposed him fiercely.  

– **Persecution:** Muslims faced **boycotts, torture, and social exclusion**. Some migrated to **Abyssinia (Ethiopia)** under King Negus’s protection.  

– **Year of Sorrow (619 CE):** Deaths of **Khadijah** and **Abu Talib**, his main supporters, left him vulnerable.  

#### **The Hijrah (Migration to Madinah, 622 CE)**  

– **Invitation from Madinah:** The people of **Yathrib (later Madinah)** pledged allegiance at **Aqabah**, inviting him to mediate tribal conflicts.  

– **Escape from Makkah:** After an assassination plot, he and **Abu Bakr** migrated, marking the start of the **Islamic calendar (Hijri)**.  

#### **Madinah Period (622–632 CE)**  

– **Establishing the First Islamic State:**  

  – **Constitution of Madinah:** A treaty ensuring rights for Muslims, Jews, and pagans.  

  – **Brotherhood (Mu’akhah):** Pairing **Muhajireen (Makkan migrants)** and **Ansar (Madinan helpers)**.  

– **Major Battles:**  

  – **Badr (624 CE):** Victory against Quraysh despite being outnumbered.  

  – **Uhud (625 CE):** A setback due to archers disobeying orders.  

  – **Trench (627 CE):** Victory in a siege against a Meccan coalition.  

– **Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628 CE):** A 10-year truce with Quraysh, later broken by them.  

– **Conquest of Makkah (630 CE):** A bloodless victory after Quraysh violated the treaty. The Prophet (ﷺ) forgave his former enemies.  

– **Farewell Pilgrimage & Sermon (632 CE):** Delivered a timeless message on equality, justice, and human rights.  

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### **3. Death & Legacy (632 CE)**  

– **Passing:** Fell ill and died in **Madinah (June 632 CE)** at age 63. Buried in his house (now part of **Masjid an-Nabawi**).  

– **Final Revelation:** Last verses of Surah Al-Baqarah (2:281–286) emphasized accountability before Allah.  

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### **4. Prophet Muhammad’s (ﷺ) Mission & Legacy**  

#### **Core Teachings:**  

– **Tawhid (Oneness of God):** Rejection of idolatry; worship of Allah alone.  

– **Social Justice:** Abolished tribalism, racism, and oppression. Elevated women’s rights (e.g., inheritance, consent in marriage).  

– **Mercy & Compassion:** “I have been sent only to perfect good character.” (Ahmad)  

– **Universal Message:** Quran 21:107 – *”We have sent you only as a mercy to the worlds.”*  

#### **Global Impact:**  

– **Spread of Islam:** Within 100 years of his death, Islam reached Spain, India, and China.  

– **Civilizational Influence:** Advanced science, medicine, philosophy, and law during the Islamic Golden Age.  

– **Moral Exemplar:** His **Sunnah (traditions)** remain a guide for over **1.8 billion Muslims** today.  

#### **Key Quotes:**  

– *”The best among you are those who have the best manners and character.”* (Bukhari)  

– *”None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.”* (Bukhari)  

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### **Conclusion**  

Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) transformed Arabia from a land of ignorance (**Jahiliyyah**) to a beacon of faith, knowledge, and justice. His life remains the **ultimate model** of leadership, patience, and devotion to Allah.  

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